Medication Administration Essay

The intended use of medications is meant to improve a person’ health, it is very important the individual administering medication or self-medicating use the drugs correctly, by following the doctors’ instruction for the medication prescribed. Medication is given to diagnose, treat, and prevent illness. Medication can be very dangerous, which can potentially cause harm or even deaf if it’s not used properly. Administering medication requires the understanding of how the medication is to enter the body such as orally, transdermal, or intravenous. It also requires the knowledge of when the medication needs to be administered, the possible side effects, and its toxicity. Doctors, nurses, and a few other professionals are trained and licensed to safely give medication and it is imperative they do it without harm. Training for professionals also includes proper storage, handling, and disposal of the drugs. Nursing responsibilities for drug administration includes the Three Checks and the Rights of Medication Administration. The nurse also has the responsibility of the medication to be given. Before administering any medication, rather the medication is known or unfamiliar it is the issuer responsibility to know about or why the medication is to be given. Knowing the mode of action will ensure that the medication given is appropriate for the patient’s diagnosis. It’s also the nurse responsibility to know the side effects of and the contraindications for the medication, as well as the antagonist, safe dosage range, interaction, with other drugs, precautions to take before administering, and the proper administration techniques. The Three Checks states that the label on the medication package or container to be given should be checked three times during the preparation and administration. First check, read the label when reaching for the medication. Second, after retrieving medication from the drawer and compare it to the CMAR. And thirdly, read the label when replacing the medication or before giving the unit dose medication to the patient. Medication error is due to the wrong drug, the wrong timing, the wrong dose, and the wrong route. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA 2009), the wrong route of administrating medication accounts for 1.3 million injuries each year. Read more:  Administer Medication and Monitor the Effects An article published in September issue of the Journal of Patient Safety estimates there are between 210,000 and 400,000 deaths per year associated with medical errors. This makes medical errors the third  leading cause of deaths in the United States, behind that comes heart disease and cancer. To prevent medical errors always follow the Three Checks and most importantly the Rights of Medication Administration. The â€Å"Rights of Medication Administration† helps to ensure accuracy when administering medication to a patient. When administering medication the administer should ensure they have the Right Medication, Right Patient, Right Dosage, Right Route, Right Time, Right Route, Right Reason, and Right Documentation. Also remember the patient has the right to refuse, assess patient for pain, and always assess the patient for signs of effects. Medication administration is not just giving medicine to a patient; it also involves observation of how the patient responds to the drug after administration. As a nurse or health professional we’re trained to know medication effects. Knowing how medication move through the body and what effects the medication has or what adverse effects may occur is most important when preventing medication errors. Medication mishaps can occur anywhere in the distribution system such as monitoring, administering, dispensing, repacking, or prescribing. The most common cause of errors occur when administering a drug happens when there is poor communication, problems reading directions, medical abbreviations or hand writing misunderstood, poor procedures or teachings, job stress (most common), and lack of product knowledge. It is difficult to reduce or eliminate medication errors completely when information is absent, inaccurate, contradictory, or simply not reported. It is not exact that every medication error will cause harm, but think about the undetected errors that will. The undetected errors administering medication makes assessing the effectiveness of medications errors challenging and hard to prevent. Any nurse that has made a drug error knows how stressful the situation can be. The increasing demands and the amount of patients during work load can increase the chances to drug errors. Being overworked can affect concentration and competence, which can be exacerbated by erratic working hours and stress, while complacency can also lead to mistakes. While nurse fatigue is commonly cited caused of drug errors, others include illegible physicians’ handwriting. Drug errors also miscalculations, over-dosing and under-dosing. Checking calculations and identifying any shortfall in your knowledge i s a qualified ensures to keep  from making a mistake. In 1995, the FDA established the black box warning system which alert the prescribers to drugs or drug products with increased or serious adverse reactions or potential safety hazards, or those that may cause serious harm or death. It appears on the prescription drug label to call attention to the seriousness or life-threatening risks of the drugs being used. Before a drug can be used in the United States, the drug manufacturers and other research organization that develops a drug must show the FDA results of testing of the drug developed before it used by patients. The Barcode Medication Administration system (BCMA) is an electronic program used by the nursing department. The nurse is able to validate and document the administration of medications by using a computer and barcode scanner, which is linked by a wireless network to the electronic MARS. BCMA is an integral part of the health record; all information is documented with a time stamp for improved accuracy of clinical information. An alert is sent if the scanned medication does not match the medication order for the patient. Another method used is automatic medication dispensing system, which are computerized systems that allow nurses to access client medication by using a password to enter the system. The computer controls and manages the distribution of drugs. References 1. Comprehensive Nursing Care, Revised 2nd Edition. (2012). Ramont, Reberta P.; Niedringhaus, Dolores M.; Towle, Mary A. 2. Medication Error Reports. (2009). Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved May 19, 2013, from www. Fda.gov/Drug Safety/Medication Errors 3. Medication errors, handoff process and information quality. Chiru, Alina M; Baxter, Ryan. Business Process Management Journal 19.2, (2003): 2011-2016

Lewy Et Al: Study Review

Lewy et al (2006) study review Background: This study was based by another study done by Avery et al. (2001). The study investigated the relationship of melatonin levels in conjunction with sleep patterns and Seasonal Affective Disorder. Seasonal Affective Disorder is a type of depression that occurs in the beginning and ending stages of winter, where the amount of daylight is shorter. This usually occurs in northern countries with colder climates, since the production of melatonin is triggered by lack of light. Aim:The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between melatonin, the sleep cycle, and the time of melatonin release. Procedure: The researchers conducted an experiment similar to Avery (2001). Participants with Seasonal Affective disorder (SAD) was divided into four groups– dawn simulation therapy, traditional bright-light therapy, a control and a group given with low doses of melatonin at night. Results: The researchers found that the sleep patter ns and mood of the participants were significantly higher than the other groups, but not high enough to compare with the group receiving bright-light therapy.Therefore, it can be concluded that the bright-light therapy is more efficient in treating  Seasonal Affective disorder (SAD) than the other procedures (dawn simulation, group given low doses of melatonin at night. Discussion: This study contributed to the understanding of the relationship between melatonin and the circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle). This can also be applied to the concept of jet-lag, in which our bodies can adapt to another time zone by making us sleep at specific times.

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

Personal Statement Example Therefore, this course would greatly sharpen my entrepreneurial skills and would be a responsible manager in the business world. When I started my undergraduate course at Bangor University, I acquired basic knowledge of accounting and management. In freshman sophomore, I acquired a lot of knowledge related to accounting courses, which will boost my performance at the collage. At the second grade in the university, I majored in finance and banking, which was my favorite, and I excelled scoring an average of 71.17. Additionally, in the third grade at the University I advanced my interest and took behavioral finance, corporate risk management and operational management. I successfully passed in the majored subjects in all grades. This new course will greatly benefit me in succeeding in my entrepreneur business since I will require all the acquired skills (Baty & Michael, P. 57). All the previous courses have enabled me hold various positions, which I have performed excellently. Additionally, I have been recommended positively in all organizations I have worked for and they have requested me to work with them onc e am through with my studies. Any successful enterprise manager does not require only enterprise knowledge, but one requires mastering the financial knowledge. Additionally, companies require to get detailed feedback from managers and therefore, enrolling at your college will enable me acquire the necessary skills to become a manager. When managers posses a more comprehensive knowledge they are likely to deal with any kind of business related idea and one does not encounter challenges when formulating business strategies. Additionally, immediately I enroll for my course, I will begin looking for a job in the banking sector or any other related industry in order to practice the knowledge acquired from the university. Therefore, during this period I will also be searching for other various

Making Management Decsions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Making Management Decsions - Essay Example The company performance is similar to that of the other companies, but also affected by the environmental influences (Eberhard,  Reiner &  Herbert, 2005). The company has managed to acquire products that are marketable but needs financial assistance to foster a successful launching of the products. The efforts have been made in order to facilitate the acquisition of the required funds through the approach of the venture capital company. The company has been incurring the cost of construction that amounts to  £2 million in order to finance the construction of a pilot plant. If scrap value of the company is  £200,000, this is the amount that would be valued if the company were to decide the discontinuing of the pursuit of production of the products. This is a plan of investing an additional  £8 million in order to facilitate the continuation of the operation of the company. The factory is anticipated to be in function for a period of ten years with a production capacity of 150,000 liters of products every month. The company has decided to sell the product produce at a price of  £2 per liter for the detergent. This price of the product is based on the market research that is conducted in the industry (Olson, 2009). (b) A brief discussion of factors likely to influence the demand for an ‘environmentally-friendly’ product of this kind. Gather evidence from the experience of other similar companies (eg Ecocover etc). This should be no longer than 300 words. The rise in demand of the environmentally friendly products is attributed to the increase in the increased focus on the environmental issues. Various efforts that are focused on sustaining the environment have been implemented. The strategies have created the incentive of terms like offsetting and others like the carbon footprint. Numerous organizations are focusing on the efforts aimed at focusing on the adaption of the marketing strategies for the

What are the main features of British conservatism Essay - 2

What are the main features of British conservatism - Essay Example In chorus, the ideology of a well- established central governing authority that was proposed by early traditional conservatives became an important aspect of the liberal mind. Secondly, there exists an internal heterogeneity in the political philosophy of conservatism that entails a number of aspects but is summarized under one feature that is the stabilization and justification of strong social structures. Those that bear the ideology of conservatism are the social groups and classes that concentrate on preserving the customary social order or its establishment. There are two philosophical formations in the structure of conservatism. One focuses on the opposing political trends and forces while the other focuses on preservation of the social structure in its original form. In this situation conservatism is a political philosophy that justifies the present order and appeal to the lost (Clarke, 1996:18). Various directions of conservatism share common features. For instance, the existence of well- established social structures and institutions, recognition of global morals and religious beliefs, belief in the natural equality of men, the flawed human nature and the limited capabilities of the human mind. Many individuals consider British conservatism as a British national characteristic that is likened to everything English. Conservatism is characterized by the highest expression and perfection and it is basically a conventional political ideology in Britain. The English parliament is known to have come up with a number of political definitions such as the popular difference between right and left (Clarke, 1996:78). British conservatism understands that human nature is imperfect for political institutions and is implemented in the following important approaches. Firstly, the mentality of conservatism is the same as that of traditionalism. Secondly, preference of incremental is radical changes.

The Art of English - Everyday Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Art of English - Everyday Creativity - Essay Example For example, one sentence, the ship ploughs through the waves, indicates that the ship is moving slowly through the blocking high waves because the high storm waves are creating a strong resistance to the ship’s current path. The sentence should be literally interpreted as the ship is using a plough tool to plough the ocean, just like a farmer who literally ploughs the farm with the plough tool (Maybin & Swann 2006, p. 46). Further, Cameron discusses that some metaphors are so common that people do not realise they are metaphors. For example, the phase it is on the news today indicates that the topic is being discussed in the news. The people will realise that the phrase does not literally mean the â€Å"it† is on the news just like the glass is on the table (Maybin & Swann 2006, p. 47). In addition, Cameron observes that the people have different reasons for using metaphor. Most individuals use metaphor to improve understanding of the senders’ messages. For exam ple, the child states that his tummy has a fire engine to send a clearer message that the child has a stomach ache (Maybin & Swann 2006, p. 50). Another example, †¦ information on which we can build on., indicates that the information is used as a starting point for another activity. The phrase does not literally mean to build on something like placing a pen on a book (Maybin & Swann 2006, p. 50). ... The author offers different variations of how a metaphor is used. Further, the author discusses many types of metaphor uses. The author even goes down the level of children to make the article very interesting. The part about the lollipop trees metaphor brings up the readers’ mind to imagine when they were just little kids. As kids, lollipops were real treasures. The children felt momentarily happy when licking a lollipop. Further, the author correctly creates interest in the mind of the readers when she describes how the simple word on can be used to catapult the on word to a more artistic level by joining the word with other words to form the metaphor †¦build on. The author’s use of another metaphor, the ship ploughs through the waves, explains the creativity benefits of using metaphor. The author compares the ship’s plough activity with the farmer’s plough activity indicating that the effect of the ship’s plough of the sea has the same diffi culty that is experienced by the farmer as the farmer ploughs the farm land. Consequently, the readers will easily understand the concept of metaphor. The same author rightfully explains why her work is well written. The author reiterates that the metaphor brings two different ideas together to generate further sense, seeing one thing in terms of something else (Cameron 2009, p. 3). The author enlightens her metaphor concept by writing another book. The other book gives more examples on the benefits of using metaphor. The mediocre reader will not resist the persuasive discussion of Cameron to include metaphor words in their daily lives because she is so swift, direct, credible, and true in her presentation of the topic. Types of evidence used to support the

Compairing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compairing - Essay Example Let’s have a review of Ford Fiesta, a small car whose recommended price in Great Britain Pound (GBP) including taxes was 14,102 while excluding taxes it was 12,001. Prices shown herein are based on recommended retail price adjusted for equipment difference effective on Jan 1, 2010. Ford Focus, a Medium segment car, carried a recommended price including taxes, which was 20,247 while excluding taxes it was 17,231. Ford Mondeo’s recommended price inclusive of taxes was 24,309 while excluding taxes it was 20,688 GBP (European Commission, 2010). These car prices have been provided by the car manufacturers themselves through their associations (ACEA) and (JAMA). It should be noted that actual car prices may not be the same as recommended prices, as it depends on dealers to offer reduced prices and extra monetary benefits to their customers seeing the market trends (European Commission, 2010). Considering the Eurostat figures indicating reduced effect of inflation on car market in comparison to other products, the year-on-year change in actual car prices from January 2009 to January 2010 for the United Kingdom in % was 11.2 in nominal car price and 7.7 in actual car price (European Commission, 2010). In Small segment area A & B, Ford Fiesta has been one of the best selling cars whose prices for the three consecutive years from 2008 to 2010 are given below in percentages of prices in euro before taxes (European Commission, 2010). Incidentally, it would be interesting to compare in small segment the price behavior of Ford Fiesta with other cars like Peugeot 206/207, Renault Clio, Fiat Grande Punto/Punto and VW Polo. In 1/01/2008, Peugeot 206/207 price difference was 32.6%, which showed only a little increase of 32.7% in 1/01/2009 while in the next year i.e. 1/01/2010, Peugeot price difference was 39.7%. As we note down from the table 1, coming down from Peugeot, to Renault Clio, to Fiat Grande Punto to VW Polo to Ford Fiesta, all

Where is our Language Headed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Where is our Language Headed - Essay Example The most prevalent and most influential ways of modern communication is texting. Baron has highlighted different arguments concerning effect of texting on the article â€Å"Are Digital Media Changing Language?† Crystal on the article â€Å"2B or not 2B.† has also highlighted the same issue. Whether modern texting has an effect on language remains a contentious issue. Therefore, this paper seeks to compare and contrast the ideologies of Baron and Crystal with an aim of supporting that effect of texting on language is insignificant. Whereas we have appreciated the technological evolution in enhancing communication, it is true that the same has come with an appreciable change in attitude towards language. According to Baron, internet and mobile phone communication has its own characteristics, which are likely to be mapped in official language communication. However, he quotes a study by Pew Internet and American Life Project, which claimed, â€Å"middle school and high sc hool students understand what kind of language is appropriate in what context† (Baron, 2009). According to the findings of this study, it is evident that although texting has become the technological form of communication, it has not greatly influenced the official language of communication. Interestingly, Crystal has echoed the same sentiments. He claims â€Å"Texting has added a new dimension to language use, but its long-term impact is negligible. It is not a disaster† (Crystal, 2008). The similarities in their opinion suffices to support that indeed, the modern trend in texting has little if any significance in official language. It is worthwhile noting that texting is not an emerging trend but rather has evolved since time immemorial. Although it can be claimed that texting has gained heightened usage in recent times, historical evolution has not resulted to considerable effect on official language communication. Baron captures the way technology has caused languag e evolution. For instance, there is an observed change from â€Å"news paper† to â€Å"news-paper† to the presently used â€Å"newspaper.† Similarly, Crystal, on the other hand, recounts the same idea of texting language persistence. He claims, â€Å"The most noticeable feature is the use of single letters, numerals, and symbols to represent words or parts of words, as with b "be" and 2 "to.† They are called rebuses, and they go back centuries† (Crystal, 2008). It can be concluded from the two ideologies that texting has little impact on official language. This is because, texting has been present in the society for decades yet the changes have been minimal. Although Baron has highlighted some of the effects of technology language to official communication, it can be argued that such changes are minimal to warrant heightened worry on language influence. Crystal asserts that language abbreviation has been a common and natural phenomenon for ages. Int erestingly, the criticism on language abbreviation dates back to 1711. He asserts, â€Å"Words such as exam, vet, fridge, cox and bus are so familiar that they have effectively become new words† (Crystal, 2008). People like Joseph Addison were some of the early critiques of language abbreviation. However, language evolution took place as a necessity rather than influence. Language is meant for communication, of course in simple means. Although such changes have been easily adopted as official communication language, Baron promotes the same idea of acceptance to abbreviation. According to him, â€Å"A wide swath of educated speakers of English (at least American English) simply don’

Women and Mothers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women and Mothers - Essay Example his depicts mothers’ role as key advisors in their respective families, mostly comprised of instructing children on varied aspects that pertain to both moral and spiritual conduct. Therefore, it was the mandate of Carolingian women to instill both spiritual and societal morals among their children via emphasizing on the essence of God’s reverence in their lives. In Carolingian family, mother’s key role encompassed instructing children according to scriptural precepts. This was to ensure they embraced pious life while still young besides attaining other essential societal morals meant to help them succeed in their entire lives. Hence, ensure societal harmony and decency (Dhuoda 10). The entire book comprises almost of one persona, which is the mother who goes to the extent of elaborating what she says to her son. This is to ensure while William is young, understands well everything regarding earthly life besides benefits attached to being humble, respecting, obedient and Godly (Dhuoda 22). For instance, Dhuoda instructs William saying, If you love God with all your heart and study carefully the volumes of His scriptures in the Old and New Testaments, and if you do this reading with appropriate concentration, then the spirit of wisdom will come to rest upon you1. In addition, besides mothers instructing young ones to embrace piety, they emphasized the essence of children respecting their fathers (Dhuoda 22). This is via using examples from the Holy Scriptures that feature varied old patriarchs or saints who choose the same path and became successful, for instance, Isaac (Dhuoda 24). However, emphasis for mothers’ respect is not as per fathers’ in the entire book but calls for parents’ general obedience by their children. Hence, confirming the mothers’ role of instilling morals among their young children. This is also noticeable in the entire book, whereby there is no father’s intervention either in suggesting or indulging themselves with close

The Second World War Essay Example for Free

The Second World War Essay During the last phase of the Second World War, the rivalry between the United States and Soviet Russia became clearly discernible due to ideological conflict. While the Soviet Union accepted Marxism and intended to spread it over the world, the United States, as a champion of liberal democracy, adopted a policy of ‘containment of Marxian influence’ and ‘roll back’ communism. Thus, their ideological conflict soon resulted in a political confrontation. As time passed, this conflict ripened into an enmity and, on occasions, it seemed that another global war was imminent. Though such a war did not, in reality break out tension and rivalry gradually reached the boiling point. This is known as cold war. This is, in a word, a ‘brinkmanship’ which means that the tension may, at any moment, burst into an actual war. So, war was avoided, but at every moment, it seemed that war was in the offing. This is not war, but not yet peace – it is like twilight zone, because the armed peace could at any time result in an actual violent war. The Origin of ‘Cold War’ The relation between what Fredrick Schumann calls ‘Marx Land’ and ‘Freeland’ has been far from cordial and even hostile at the end of World War II. This was, according to some scholars due to the division of the world into two camps – one led by the Soviet Union and another by the USA. This bi – polar interpretation of world politics failed to take into consideration the existence of neutral nation likes India, Indonesia, Egypt and other states which have disassociated themselves from joining in any one of the camps mentioned above. Moreover, the division in ‘Marx Land’ for instances the difference between Russia and China, and in the Freeland, for instance, between France and USA, were left out of consideration by those who accepted the bi – polar approach gained group, because of the all embracing character of a total war. The development of modern technology and the discovery of ‘A’ and ‘H’ bomb had virtually excluded the scope of neutrality in case if two giants USA and USSR enter into armed conflict. The destructive and devastating character of a modern warfare had left very little scope for neutrality because of the determination of each party to win the war might lead them to violate the national sovereignty of others. But, in the meanwhile the rivalry of giants had left scope for even small states like Yugoslavia to maneuver their position and maintain neutrality. Moreover, the monopoly of the secrets of ‘Atomic Power’ was no longer confined to USA and USSR. They no longer commanded absolute control in their own camp. France and China had not only acquired the ‘A’ bomb but also we determined to be the makers of their own policy. The existence of the neutral nations in which most of the Afro – Asian states belong has served as a check on the rivalry between the giants. What is Cold War? The ‘Cold War’ was kept alive by the rivalry of Soviet bloc and Western bloc to gain the hegemony of the world. The Western bloc looked upon the communist countries as totalitarian states and the neutrals as misguided. The communist countries on the other hand considered the capitalist states as seeking to exploit the underdeveloped countries for profit and frantically trying to maintain their hold over areas producing raw materials. Their mutually opposing views had produced rivalry in the post – World War II period. This had not led to actual war, but had produced local undeclared wars on a limited scale. The familiar portrait of the Cold War for mastery globe, however, had not prevented contact between the West and the communist world. ‘The diplomacy of coexistence’ as Mr. Schumann puts it and the rise of the neutral nations in Afro – Asian countries had increasingly acted as a brake upon the rivalry generated by the competition of giants. But the ‘Cold War’ was kept alive by the fear of the capitalist world about the ultimate motive of Soviet expansion and desire to attack the capitalist countries. From the point of view of the communist countries the opposite camp intended to destroy ‘Marx land’. Both the ‘Worlds’ were desirous of peace because the alternative to co – existence in the ‘Atomic Age’ is co – destruction. Therefore, the cold war and the illusion from which both the capitalist and the communist world suffered had cooled down. The ‘Cold War’ is different from shooting war. Freedman aptly defines it in the following statement, â€Å"in short there is some reason to believe that the ‘Cold War’ is not a necessary preparatory phase for a ‘hot war’, but a new technique of warfare†. Diametrically Opposite Perceptions of World Situation during Post – War Period After the end of the Second World War the United States insisted on keeping her the secrets of the eminent and responsible American statement, e. g. Governor Earl of Pennsylvania about the need of waging a punitive war against the Soviet Union while latter was without nuclear teeth, convinced the Russians as to the United States implacable enmity against them. The United States had not only the atom bomb, but also the world’s strongest navy, and global ring of strategic air bases while her position in West Germany and Japan brought her close to the Soviet frontiers. The abrupt termination of lend – lease aid and the rejection of a Soviet request for a post war reconstruction loan further deepened Soviet Union’s suspicion of American goodwill. Under Yalta agreement the Western Powers accepted Soviet claims to Germany’s territory and the Polish boundary in return for the Soviet assurance about the holding of free elections in East European countries. After the end of the World War II each side began to complain about other’s bad faith. The West resented what they called the Sovietization of the East European countries. The Soviet leaders on the other hand complained that while the United States demanded and received freehand in the areas under her control e. g. , Japan, she refused the same privilege to Russians in the areas under their sphere. Thus, cold war is kept alive by the rivalry of these Super Powers to gain the hegemony of the world. Ideological Conflicts The ideological factor made Soviet foreign policy more complex though by no means an enigma. Stalin stood for the policy of ‘Socialism in one country’. But after the end of the World War II a ring of friendly socialist states of Eastern Europe was deemed to be necessary for the security of the Soviet Union and communist fatherland. After the war Stalin the Soviet premier began to regard all non – communist countries as either ‘hostile capitalist’ states plotting to encircle and destroy the Soviet Union or as the lackeys of imperialist capitalist states. Viewed in the light Stalinism and democracy became mutually irreconcilable. The conflict between the two super powers has often been described as the inevitable duel between rival ideologies – democracy and dictatorship. No doubt many Americans genuinely disapprove of communism on account of its rejection of parliamentary democracy and human rights. Similarly, the communists hate democracy as synonymous with capitalist exploitation of the masses and imperialism. The conflict of values and is not the real reason behind the cold war but the conviction of the US government that communism is an international movement whose expansion means an accession of strength to Soviet Union. On the other hand the Soviet government firmly believed that the undoubted resurgence of West German nationalism and close US Japanese collaboration constituted a threat to the safety and integrity of Russia. Implications of Cold War The cold war had far – reaching implications in the international affairs. In the first instance it gave rise to a fear psychosis which resulted in mad race for the manufacture of more sophisticated armaments. Both the power blocs tried to acquire more and more sophisticated weapons. This set in motion a mad race for armaments. Secondly, cold war led to the formation of various alliances during the peace times. Both the blocs formed alliance and counter alliances to counterbalance the growing power of the opponent. Some of the alliances which were thus formed include NATO, SEATO, CENTO, War show Pact etc. this existence of these alliances added to world tension. Thirdly, a large number of nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America after attainment of independence decided to keep away from the military alliances sponsored and supported by the two super powers. Instead they preferred to follow policy of non-alignment. Thus, I can be said that the emergence of policy of non-alignment. Thus, it can be said that the emergence of policy of non-alignment is also the direct outcome of the cold war. Fourthly, cold war greatly undermined the chances of attaining the goal of one world. On account of mutual rivalry the two super powers were not willing to trust each other and often took opposite stands at the United Nations. This often resulted in blocking entry of certain members to the United Nations. It is well known that United States did not permit People’s Republic of China to take its seat in the United Nations only because China was a camp follower of Soviet Union. This prevented the United Nations from attaining universal character and jeopardized the chances of evolving one world. Fifthly, the mad race for armament which was the logical outcome of the prevailing cold war between two power blocs resulted in diversion of enormous amounts to acquisition of sophisticated weapons. This adversely affected the development of the states, and prevented improvement in the living standards of the people. Finally, cold war rendered the United Nations ineffective because both the Super Power tried to oppose the action in Greece, Trieste etc. because she distrusted the Western Powers. Likewise United States made use of its veto power on the question of Red China’s membership of United Nations. Conclusion But, from the beginning of the 1960s, cold war had been in the wane. A growing detente between the Soviet Union and the United States during the time John Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev eased the mutual relationship between these two super powers. Moreover, the emergences of some non aligned countries like India, Egypt, Indonesia, Ghana, Sri Lanka etc. strengthened the peace-force and they intended to bring two super powers in close relations. Moreover, China’s distance from the Soviet Union and the disunity in the American camp also materially changed the international situation. Above all, the collapses of the Soviet Union and Sino-American detente have materially altered the international relationship. Thus, it is beyond any iota of doubt that, in such situation, the cold war which emerged during the closing years of the Second World War cannot contain the same significance which it evoked during its birth.

Effects Of Breakwater In The Civil Engineering Field Construction Essay

Effects Of Breakwater In The Civil Engineering Field Construction Essay Problems of erosion, reduction in shorelines, disappearance of beaches, and environmental impacts have led to the recession of many economies around the world. To resolve, engineers have devised man made structures like breakwaters and piers to address a variety of coastal problems such as shelter, fishing, docking and coast line recession. While these problems are resolved, new ones emerge when breakwaters and jetties are constructed in the areas. Clearly, breakwater engineering and related civil engineering fields are still at their rudimentary level, despite the fact that these structures have been in use since age old. In the following study, the researcher carries out investigation into the hydrodynamics of breakwaters, and their engineering aspects, with the view to gain insight into their importance to civil engineering fields. The researcher aims to explore, evaluate and analyse the impact of breakwaters on engineering professions, and ways that their knowledge limits or opens up new channels for engineering innovation. The results are compiled, and the researcher concludes that breakwater engineering has great scope in contributing to civil engineering knowledge, provided that its design and applications are researched further. Chapter 1 Introduction Background and Rationale A coast is a geological system that is subject to constant movement and change. Shorelines, beaches, and coastal areas in effect affect human lives, and vice versa. The diverse and complex nature of the coastal system is the result of processes involving waves, tides, currents and winds that affect the geological state of the coast in an attempt to keep a balance between land and water. However, these are not the only factors that influence and shape coastlines. Human activities for economic and social purposes contribute towards its modifications. Natural processes, coupled with human intervention, contribute towards erosion, sedimentation, and accretion (Hsu, Lin, and Tseng 2007). In fact, according to French (1997), human activities bring about changes that influence the environment adversely by creating new habitat and decreasing environment stability. Though not all changes affect the environment adversely, nevertheless the natural processes are affected by the unnatural conditions. Coasts and estuaries are not indifferent towards human intervention where a range of variations in their structure and environment can alter the geological, oceanological and marine system therein. Added to this status is the fact that coasts have become the ideal place for human population, industrialisation, commercialisation transportation etc. Human has, in effect, taken over to develop coastal areas to act as shelters, ports, docks, and for numerous other activities. The pressure for benefitting human lives has inevitably changed the environment drastically towards degradation. To compensate, a host of management strategies have been undertaken to operate, manage and sustain coastal areas, to control the activities and maintain a balance between nature and mankind (dAngremond and van Roode 2004). One of these management control methods is building of breakwaters and jetties. Jetties and offshore breakwaters are man made structures designed to protect coastal areas from the natural and unnatural recession of the shoreline. Breakwaters are usually built parallel to the shore or at an angle to direct serious wave action from its destructive impact on the shoreline. Jetties, on the other hand, are built with the purpose to prevent erosion of the inlet or harbour area. Offshore breakwaters provide shelter as they are built based on wave refraction and diffraction (Putnam and Arthur, 1948). Similarly, groins are structures built to face seawards and at an angle to slope at the same angle as the normal beach. Groins are built at an elevation above datum to act as the stabilising structure and to increase the width of the beach by arresting the shore drift in part or as a whole (Paige 1950). Apart from these, coastal areas are subjected to geological problems such as natural processes including coastal erosion, deposition, sedimentation, tsunami, tidal waves etc. These require human intervention to protect and conserve human and natural habitat. For these purposes, an engineering field called coastal engineering has been introduced in the academic arena for enhancing the knowledge and skills of professionals to develop coastal areas with minimal damage to the natural and man made environment. Coastal engineering involves developing and protecting existing coastal protection work with the view to predict future natural coastal processes. Comprehending the nature and value of coastal processes, enables engineers to devise plans and strategies to protect these processes better. Moreover, knowledge of the coastal condition helps professionals in the field to construct, facilitate and execute better breakwater construction. Breakwater construction is a field that is directly related with coastal engineering. However, it also has close relations with other engineering fields like geology, construction, environment and computer engineering. It is within this context, that the researcher shall be investigating the importance of breakwater engineering and the ways it affects the engineering field. Aims and Objectives The aim of this dissertation is to investigate how breakwaters and their construction affect various civil engineering fields. The objective is to: a. Identify the various civil engineering fields that breakwaters affect b. Evaluate how breakwaters impact civil engineering professionals; and c. Study how the knowledge of breakwater construction adds to the skill knowledge of engineers Scope and Limitations The research, in essence, is not a pure scientific empirical study, but rather an exploratory one. The researcher is aware that in exploring the dynamics of breakwater engineering, he/she will have to link civil engineering techniques and skills, which makes it a successful defence structures for both, humans and marine life. In this context, the study shall limit its discussion to the various fields breakwater construction entails, and shall not delve extensive into any particular field which concerns its engineering perspectives, such as marine life or construction engineering. However, it will touch upon these topics byway, to enumerate on its role and effects on the engineering field. Audience readers shall find the study insightful and enlightening as it would provide the numerous aspects that coastal engineering of breakwaters impact. However, academics and scholars shall find the content of the study limiting as it shall not be holistically technical. Fellow students shall find the dissertation a good stepping stone for furthering their research into areas of specialisation like geological engineering, construction engineering and so on. Ne vertheless, the dissertation shall aim to address the social and scientific aspects of breakwaters. Outline of Dissertation To accomplish the above objectives, the researcher shall endeavour to carry out the study in the following manner: Chapter 1 shall introduce the background and the rationale for the study. Chapter 2 shall provide the theoretical background based on an extensive literature review on the aspects of the study outlined above. Chapter 3 shall outline the methodologies considered and the rationale for the chosen research approach. Chapter 4 will be the analysis segment in which the researcher shall evaluate the data gathered, and discuss with the aim to acquire conclusive results. Chapter 5 shall be the conclusion to the research, offering insights gained from the research, summarising whether the researcher has accomplished the objectives or not, and perhaps some recommendations for future research. Chapter 2 Literature Review Introduction Breakwaters and similar coastal structures are human interventions, which are exposed to strong waves, currents and other marine processes. The construction of such structures needs to be enduring, as well as fitting, with the natural environment. The design and construction of breakwaters and interrelated structures indicate that knowledge of pure engineering alone is not practical. In fact, it requires consideration for various empirical and theoretical knowledge for its design. To the extent of this knowledge, the researcher is of the view that civil engineering relating to large scale hydraulic structures has developed considerably. According to dAngremond and van Roode (2004), coastal problems of erosion, tides and currents have existed since the beginning of civilisation. However, the management of these movements and problems have gained considerable attention today due to the commercialization and population of coastal areas around the world. For these reasons, problems such as sea level rise, tidal asymmetry, sedimentation budget etc. need to be tackled. These are carried out through careful coastal defence and management practices, and engineering skills, which shall be discussed in the following sections. Coastal Engineering Ocean waves are generated by wind and propagated from the ocean towards the shoreline. The orbital motions of wave kinematics influence the depths and heights of the ocean bed. Near shore ocean beds are greatly impacted by the velocities and the wave strengths. As a result, sediment beds often change in topography due to continuous impact of the fluid forces of waves. Sedimentation response or impact is negligible, but, in effect, compound the problem of sediment transportation to and away from the local beach. The scale, depth, and extent of the influence of the waves on the beach may and may not result in coastal degradation. For these reasons, detailed investigation on the continental shelves, fluid dynamics, near shore motion and variation of ocean topography are required in order to monitor and maintain the natural barrier to land. When the problems of natural erosion and sedimentation become too great to manage, measures like construction of barriers, submerged shoals, breakwat ers and artificial headlands are undertaken to sustain the environment (Birbena et al 2006). Construction of this nature is triggered by defence planning, storm handling and flood prevention. In fact, coastal defence system and management require formation of framework for projects to be planned, investigated and implemented to meet the needs of the environment and its people. These are the civil aspects of coastal engineering (French 1997). Not only this; structures like breakwaters also require continuous monitoring and protection work to predict future performance. This is carried out through coastal engineering processes such as modelling to estimate the changing environment and angle of repose of shorelines, site investigation to study the cycles of hydrographic and marine life status, as well as processing these to build a profile for the shorelines on which breakwaters are constructed. For example, in Iskander et als study (2007), the authors studied and developed a monitoring model for studying coastal structure along the El Agami area of Egypt. The study indicates that where breakwaters exist, shoreline fluctuates, marine life is impacted, as well as wave hydraulics. Coastal engineers need to record and study the gradual change that takes place due to the presence of breakwaters. Issues concerning wave distribution, shoreline sand composition, coastal calibration, marine survey, and effect on the harbours population are taken into account. Apart from these, breakwaters also affect the coastal structure such as villages, ports, or other such human activities (Iskander et al 2007). Furthermore, coastal engineers also need to ensure that the construction of breakwaters and estuaries does not adversely affect human activities as a result of design fault of these structures. For example, in Donnell et als article (2006), the authors indicate that the breakwaters on Tedious Creek estuary on the shoreline of Chesapeake Bay in Dorchester County, MD caused substantial damage to local vessels than the benefits it provided for its shelters. The setup of breakwaters is aimed at protecting the boat dock and public piers from storms, but, in reality, the projects design fault has resulted in under performance, both in functionality and structure to benefit the locals. It is in instances such as these that coastal engineers need to be ascertained of the need and importance for breakwater structures. Similarly, breakwaters can also result in beach morphology that effectively negates the protection objective when breakwaters are constructed with limited knowledge applied relating to practical engineering. Accurate study of the shore area through cross shore distribution, long shore sedimentation transport rates and performance of breakwaters in advance, as well as using model calibration and validation, hydrodynamic module, wave modules etc. could positively affect the performance of the structures. Therefo re, coastal engineers are responsible for studying the wave conditions, down drift side, expected erosion and current patterns behind submerged breakwater, to gauge incident waves. These mechanisms, according to Ranasinghe and Sato (2007), can relatively influence the function and utility of breakwaters function. Thus, coastal engineering is greatly influenced by the type and design of breakwaters structures. Construction engineering Breakwaters and such coastal structure construction combine design and functionality with the view to protect the coastal area. The design process is similar to structural design of buildings as it entails paying attention to functional requirements, limitations of the state of the structure, exposure, construction phases and occurrence of natural conditions. Breakwaters also require considerations for knowledge of construction materials including quarry stone, concrete blocks, caissons and similar types of materials to apply to its construction. Equipments for both floating and rolling breakwaters too need to be studied and related to the specificity of the breakwaters site, function and design. The development of breakwaters also requires functional and structural monitoring of performance, with enduring characteristics. According to Camfield and Holmes (1995), coastal structures like breakwaters and jetties are influenced by long periods of water level changes. They need to be built parallel to the entrances, in an attempt to stabilise entrances and safe navigation. Construction along the shore should be carried out with the direction of the channel in mind, to prevent migration of channel thalweg, rapid shoaling and erosion of the coastline (Morang 1992 qt. Camfield and Holmes 1995). This is because construction o f jetties and breakwaters often creates a new equilibrium for the tidal system. For this purpose, surveys of adjacent shorelines, natural bypass and the material that may ebb tidal activities need to be carried out for effective construction of the structures aligned with the regional dynamic and hydraulic processes. Construction engineering approach such as cross sectional relationship of inlet and tidal prism, as well as depths of the jetties and breakwaters, and water flows are studied before finding the ideal balance between performance, flow conditions, and natural marine activities. Knowledge of construction material, as mentioned earlier, is imperative for choosing and designing breakwaters to complement the need of the local landscape and environment. Since breakwaters are made up of rubble mounds or caissons or are concrete filled, knowledge of construction material adds to the skills required for developing structures for dispersing wave currents to minimise impact, as well as conserve energy from wave hydraulics where possible (Arena and Filianoti 2007). Not only this; new construction material knowledge also provides an edge over the design and planning of the breakwater armour unit. Reedijk et al (2008), for example, indicate that the development of Xbloc by Delta Marine Consultants in 2001 has innovated armour concepts in terms of designs, tests and prototypes. Xbloc are concrete blocks designed to armour shore protection and are being used in breakwater construction actively by engineers today. Muttray et al (2003), in their study of the suitability of Xbloc in breakwater construction, indicate that Xbloc are shaped to suit the harsh environmental conditions of waves, and such hydraulic activities. When placed interlocked with each other, Xblocs not only reduce concrete volumes, but also achieve the stability required for achieving breakwaters impact from wave loads and damage (Muttray et al 2003; Reedijk et al (2008). Added to this fact is the cost of layering breakwaters with Xbloc, which is significantly reduced as compared to other armour blocks. Furthermore, coastal protection design and construction require development and use of probabilistic design tools to gauge uncertainties, prediction of wave impact, as well as structure stability. One of the main concerns for construction engineers is that the structures can sustain its functionality for coastal protection, regardless of the wave conditions and transformations of water bodies. The basic premise is that wave transformation in foreshores and offshore areas cannot be relied upon through model designs. In fact, it requires construction engineers to have knowledge of coastal shores by using prediction models for wave transformation to study the effect of wave height, setup and distribution before designing the breakwater and jetty structures (Muttray et al 2001; Coduto 1999). Consideration for these aspects would help design structures to achieve its long term goals, as well as retain beach composition from long shore transport processes. Analytical engineering Breakwaters are constructed based on engineering approaches and processes that exploit the nature of wave parameters and hydraulics. According to Huizinga (2003), breakwater engineering often fails after 5 to 10 years as a result of poor design. Engineers fail to grasp the concept of breakwater designs and modelling, which uses propagation of water around of breakwater with the assumptions that water is the ideal fluid and incompressible. Waves are small in amplitude and can be analysed using the linear wave theory. Their flow is usually rotational, which can be analysed through Laplace equations. Breakwaters depth is constant and its dynamics are determined by diffraction, refraction or reflection (Huizinga 2003). Diffraction analysis takes into account of the water height, and the interaction of breakwater and waves. The wave energy is assumed to disperse as the waves come into contact with breakwater structures, which could be understood using linear diffraction theory. In this context, a rubble mound breakwater is a diametric form, with certain density and diameter designed to disperse wave motion. The velocity of the waves is retarded by its action, in contact with the breakwater. The change in direction of the wave affects the sediment supply, composition, wave properties, topography, and breakwater properties. Therefore, the variables in the breakwater interaction change in response to the caisson. The underlying assumption set forth is that the physical movement of breakwater is associated with the wave action, the permeability of the breakwater surface, seabed composition and response of the breakwater over a long period of time (Huizinga 2003; Twu and Chieu 2000). Alternatively, wave reflection and wave run up is the model for analysing breakwater through a cross section and slopes. In this method of engineering, wave reflection is determined by the 3 guage method. Wave conditions comprise of relative depth, height, steepness, and breaker index. Measurement of wave conditions is accomplished by analysing its reflection at the seaward direction when the wave surface comes into contact with the structure and foreshore. The water surface comes into contact with the breakwater as a toe and an anti knot. The wave run up and run down impact the breakwaters wave resistance. When engineers analyse the efficacy and effectiveness of breakwater, they study the angle of the incident wave, as well as its reflection coefficient, to determine the impact of regular wave action. The analysis is critical for gauging the significance of wave run up and run down on breakwater surfaces, and inevitably its longevity. This is achieved by using the higher order wave theory for assimilating waves and horizontal seabed asymmetry. Furthermore, wave reflection measurement is determined by its dynamics such as local wave height, wave pressure, wave energy dissipation and wave penetration into the structure (Muttray and Oumeraci 2002). How waves break or non break is dependent on the breakwater slope and the reflection set for critical wave incident impact (Clyne and Mullarkey 2008). These analytical approaches are various forms of analytical engineering, which are engaged to evaluate the strength, longevity, efficacy and effectiveness of the breakwater functionality. Alternatives in analytical engineering, therefore, help construction of the breakwaters more effective, as they establish the baseline for stabilisation potential, as well as extend the life cycle of the structure (Wiegel 1962). Environment engineering Breakwaters and jetties are engineering solutions to resolve the problem of erosion and sedimentation of shorelines. These are constructed with the view to sustain the shoreline, and in turn benefit the local human communities. Just as breakwaters and jetties affect the hydraulic system of the areas, they also produce long and short term impacts on marine life. Hydrodynamic conditions, sedimentation patterns, wave motion, physical and chemical factors tend to alter the composition and nature of the habitat. Not only this; the habitat tends to change in its characteristics and life cycle due to the change induced by the presence of breakwaters. No doubt, there is an imperative relationship between biological life form and breakwater structures. Even though breakwaters are developed with the objective to provide shelter to marine life, as well as harbour for human activities, the type of alleviation, shoaling and access to aquatic floral and faunal also gets impacted when breakwaters are constructed without careful monitoring of quality, composition and marine lifecycle. In fact, construction of breakwaters for creating inlets often results in f loral and faunal morphology of marine life due to the quality of sand, water chemical properties and the wave action. Water temperature, with variation through seasonal change, substantially affects the fish population, as well as other marine life forms. For example, the components of macrozoobenthos, algaes and polychaetous worms densities change (increase/decrease) according to the increasing or decreasing water depth. Thus, construction of breakwater tends to adversely affect the micro constituents of marine biology (Biological effects of breakwater construction 1985). At times, colonisation of fishes within the vicinity is affected due to the elevated turbiditys and suspended solids concentrates near the breakwater. Moreover, maintenance of the depth of entrance to the area, and exposure of the same, can alter the sustenance level of fish populations. By streamlining the natural sand bypass, the morphological performance can be improved to simulate waves, currents and sediment transport, which corresponds with the marine life processes (Broker et al 2007). The reliability of the effect of breakwater calibration process ensures that the constructed structure does not hinder marine life forms. For this purpose, marine engineering knowledge, combined with the breakwater development know how, can help local engineers to establish dynamic coastal structures to fit within the parameters of the natural environment. Risks and failures While it is clear that breakwaters have their own functionality and utility for which they are used to sustain beach line sustainability and continuity, they are also risky.The utility and functionality of breakwaters and jetties depend on the model, material and simulation upon which they have been based. Measurement for their horizontal and vertical fluid velocities, breakwater composition (porous or non porous), energy dissipation rate and modification intensity, all contribute towards its impenetrable nature. However, any variation and standard deviation in the design such as surface elevation, velocity variation, calibration, and structure permeability can result in its wear and breakage. According to Kobayashi et al (2007), breakwater permeability can affect its situation in the beach zone, effectiveness in eliminating serious wave impact and structural longevity. In fact, breakwater transformation as a result of wave load, pressure and velocity can lead to shattering. This is dependent on the design of the breakwater and its sensitivity and test against breaker ratio. Steepness of seaward slope, wave breaking motion, and wave parameters greatly influence the structure, to the extent of predicting its durability (Kobayashi et al 2007). In fact, Oumeraci et al (2006) are of the view that analysis of saturation due to liquefaction phenomena in sand gravity structure tends to increase the risk of structural failure. Vertical breakwaters, especially, are vulnerable to permanent deformation of the subsoil, which leads to irreversible strains at the peak stress level. As a result, breakwaters structures can give way to wave load induced by the fluctuation in pressure along the seabed and the pore pressure in the concrete itself. Failure of such monumental nature affects the stability, composition, and cyclic mobility. Failure is also the result of the nature of the breakwater structure, whether it is designed for offshore or onshore coastal defence. It is greatly influenced by the depth, and nature of the sand composition underneath the seabed upon which the breakwater is constructed. The relative density of the sand, pressure of the fluid, as well as storm yield, all contribute towards its endurance (Oumeraci et al. 2001). Apart from these physical risks and failures, breakwaters are also vulnerable in terms of their effect on marine life forms. Changing chemical composition due to displacement of fauna colonisation, as well a toxicity of the structures along the sediment banks, can result in breakwater biota fluctuations. While the human benefits of breakwaters last for 5 to 10 years, the long term effects of marine life cycle and fishery can alter the nature of the coast altogether if careful engineering approaches are not undertaken for the construction of breakwaters (Biological effects of breakwater construction 1985). Conclusion The above discussion has been carried out with the view to provide an overview of the relationship between breakwater construction and its impact on engineering fields. While engineering is a vast discipline, in this study the researcher has included engineering fields related to the construction of breakwaters and their maintenance. The discussion indicates that breakwater structures are not merely coastal construction monuments, but have multidimensional impact on the physical, biological and human life. For this purpose, engineering and designing of these structures need to be analysed, planned and implemented with care, for its impact. Chapter 3 Research Methodology The nature of research problem determines the choice of its methods. Before one chooses the research method, its objectives, audience and underlying assumptions should be justified. The methodologies are then weighed and evaluated to justify for its choice. The theoretical perspective of the study should provide the background reality, as well as the constituent for increasing readers knowledge. Within these dimensions epistemology is concerned with providing a philosophical grounding for deciding what kinds of knowledge are possible and how we can ensure that they are both adequate and legitimate (Crotty 1998). The epistemology, therefore, allows the researcher to decide the application and the underlying academic literature that is required for adding knowledge to the existing consciousness. Generally, there are two options objectivism and constructionism. The objectivistic approach entails the investigation of existing knowledge and spanning it to extend its consciousness. The aim is to discover the objective truth. On the other hand, the constructionist approach entails the research which requires interaction with the world, and finding the truth in the process. Underlying the constructionist approach is the premise that research endeavours need to explore views from multiple angles before deciding on the objective truth. This approach is grounded in the qualitative methodology (Crotty 1998 qt. Levy 2006). Alternatively, researchers in the applied field usually conduct research based on quantitative methods that entail action research and evaluations for studying particular aspects and issues. The premise for choosing action research is to endeavour to capture the reality with certain degree of control on the phenomena under research. Although, the nature of the coastal engineering field mandates that research activities be subject to quantitative empirical methods whereby researchers carry out extensive action research strategies and processes. However, in this case, the researcher has opted for the qualitative approach as it complements the nature and topic under discussion. Whereas the study of breakwater is pragmatic, the exploration of its connection and impact on the engineering field is qualitative in nature. Furthermore, to understand the implications of breakwaters and their effect on civil engineering profession, investigation into the subjective views of experts within the field is required, rather than engaging in empirical research to achieve its findings. Having said that, the researcher is also aware that qualitative research requires a paradigm for basing the enquiry. According to Gummesson (2000), a paradigm is a very general conception of the nature of scientific endeavours within which a given enquiry is undertaken (p.18). It is a world view which allows the researcher to base his/her research outcomes and understanding. Research paradigms can be divided into positivist, which is characterised by the world as the external dimension and must be researched through facts and fundamental laws, and by studying concepts through sampling. On the other hand, the phenomenological paradigm involves the social construction of the subject, and characterised by the understanding of the totality of the situation by investigating the issue through established phenomena. For the current study, the researcher shall adopt the phenomenological paradigm for analysing the effect of breakwaters on the engineering field. The rationale is based on the premise that even though through the course of discussion some technical and practical aspects shall be discussed, the analysis shall regard the ideology, decision logic and utility behind breakwaters and their link with civil engineering fields. While the researcher is aware that the phenomenological paradigm is not suited for engineering and scientific research, he/she also has the understanding that research of this qualitative nature

Galileo Galilei Essay -- The Tower of Pisa, On Motion

Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was born in the City of Pisa on February 15, 1564. Sir Galileo is the oldest out of his seven siblings (Hightower 10-11). The father of his, is a musician and a wool trader ("Galileo Galilei" par 1-3). As a boy he enjoyed music and painting. He was very intelligent for this age and he constructed mechanical toys for his own merriment (Hightower 10-11). His studies started at a Jesuit Monastery about at age eleven. By the time of age seven-teen he told his father that he wanted to be a monk. Due to his father's wishes he went to medical school, taken out because he didn't want Galileo as a monk ("Galileo Galilei" par 1-3). While in medical school he did poorly and thought his classes were boring. Later he dropped out and studied science and math with many people (Lauber par 3-4). Then he studied much more objects in his lifetime and loved to learn (Hightower 10-14). Soon he achieved this college education but didn’t get a degree (â€Å"Galileo Galilei† p ar 1-3). In the time when he was studying medicine, he made a very important science discovery that started his career. One day at church service on Sunday he looked up at a lamp and the lamp was swinging on a long cord back and forth. Its swing was very regular and he used his own pulse to measure the sing. He noticed even as the swing grew shorter the amount of time for a single was the same. Later he went home and conducted many experiments with different lengths and weights. Then he concluded that the string length affected the swing. Soon he created the pendulum and used the same principle to make a pulsilogia which is a device that measures your pulse (Hightower 17-20). Galileo's success didn't stop there. Just as like many other people Gal... ...o studied magnetism and perfected the compound microscope (Lauber 9-14). Galileo Galilei didn't stop with astronomy after the Pope made him stop and later he was put under house arrest for this. While under house arrest he died and was forgiven much later about this astronomy work by another Pope in the future which was emend. As a lifetime being a scientist he linked physics and astronomy with math, made a book of freedom of the scientific inquiry called Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences, and correctly defined uniform acceleration. He also set forth laws of falling bodies, devolved the mathematical theory of projectile motion, expressed numerous ideas about sound, heat, and light, the relation of mathematics to physics, role of experiment, and the problems of infinite signals in analysis of matter and motion (Drake par 1).

Green Stone :: essays research papers

During the opening years of the seventeenth century, Europe was gripped by Reformation and Counter-Reformation, when Catholics and Protestants persecuted one another with equal fervour. England was ruled by a Protestant regime, and in 1605 a group of oppressed Catholic landowners hatched a plot to kill the king, James I, during the state opening of parliament on 5 November. The plan, conceived by the Midland Catholics Robert Catesby and Thomas Wyntour, was to blow up the Houses of Parliament with dozens of barrels of gunpowder. Known as the Gunpowder Plot, it was thwarted at the last moment when conspirator Guy Fawkes was discovered nervously waiting to light the fuse. When Fawkes was tortured into revealing the names of the other plotters, the small band of conspirators fled to the Wyntour family home at Huddington Court in Worcestershire. Here they spent their last night, fleeing only a few miles the next day before being surrounded by the militia. But this was not the end of the affair. The king's chief minister, Robert Cecil, had given strict instructions that Robert Catesby should be taken alive. The reason being, that he possessed a sacred relic - a green, jade gemstone called the Meonia Stone. Tradition held that it had once been set in King Arthur's sword Excalibur. Historically, it had belonged to Mary Queen of Scots, the last legitimate Catholic heir to the English throne. Following her death in 1587, a legend had developed that the Catholic who would finally secure the English throne would need to possess the sacred stone. Fearing that the Meonia Stone would act as a rallying symbol for the English Catholics, Cecil was determined that it should be destroyed. He was furious, however, to discover that Robert Catesby had been shot dead and the knowledge of the stone's whereabouts had died with him. Despite months of frantic searching and intense interrogation of the surviving conspirators, the stone was never found. Three centuries later, in 1979, Graham Phillip's and fellow researcher Andrew Collins decided to go in search of the lost Meonia Stone. The Green Stone, co-authored by Martin Keatman, is the remarkable true story of this fascinating quest. Following a trail of historical clues, Graham and Andrew finally discovered the identity of the person to whom the stone was given. During their interrogation, the surviving Gunpowder Plotters had stated that Robert Catesby still had the stone with him the night before his death.

Essay --

Mrs. Kasper AP Literature 10 February 2014 â€Å"Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom,† urged Aristotle. Wisdom contains many qualities that are valuable to have. These qualities are experience, knowledge, and good judgment. These traits and abilities are essential in insight and understanding that attribute to an effective person. Wisdom is a virtue that develops as one is able to learn from experiences and mistakes. However, the wisdom that Aristotle believed in went beyond the average wisdom of being able to understand concepts or have insight different from others. The wisdom Aristotle believed in was practical wisdom. Practical wisdom is the ability to do the right thing, at the right time, for the right intent. According to Aristotle, this virtue is what makes all the other virtues a possibility. It is practical wisdom that gives one the ability to change one’s flaws because it is a characteristic that is bound with action and reason. It is the ability to have the information and apply it corre ctly. Along with the ability of understanding others, also comes self-awareness, and with the ability to apply action, one can develop and change for the better. In the novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, Charlotte Lucas possesses limited self-awareness; she is aware of the consequences that can come from her choices, but doesn’t choose to apply action for her own self-contentment. Mr. Bennet is also aware at times of his behavior, which is evident through his intelligence and wit, but doesn’t choose to take action, therefore lacking practical wisdom. Through the various conversations and narrations, Austen takes a resolute stand about the need for men to not only understand others, but to know oneself enough to turn we... ...ove his lack of responsible action, and Charlotte Lucas’s inability to take action on achieving contentment, serve as character foils to Elizabeth, illuminating her ability to evaluate her mistakes and take action for the better good. Bennet dismissed his chance to change not because he couldn’t, but because he did not want to. Although he was an intelligent man, it does no good to be smart if one cannot apply intelligence towards self-awareness and towards applying action in turning foibles into strengths Charlotte, also an intelligent character, failed to apply a balance of reasoning and action in her decision, sacrificing a lifetime of happiness for comfort and economic stability. Therein lies the value of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice: It emphasizes that in life, self-awareness is nothing, unless action and reasoning are used in every opportunity to change.

Petrol Station Culture Within The Global Architectural Landscape

Fill’er Up: gasoline station civilization within the planetary architectural landscape Abstraction: ( concise summery – no more than 10 sentence ) Merely as man’s ability to multiply text and administer it around the around the universe bore a new epoch so did his ability to refile gasolene and globalized it 4 centuries subsequently. With all their velocity forward they may be a measure rearward in civilization – that is, in religious civilization. It may be that they will non add to the beauty of the universe, nor to the life of men’s psyches. I am non certain. But cars have come, and they bring a greater alteration in our life than most of us suspect. â€Å" I ‘m non certain he ‘s incorrect about cars, † he said. â€Å" With all their velocity forward they may be a measure rearward in civilization—that is, in religious civilisation. It may be that they will non add to the beauty of the universe, nor to the life of work forces ‘s psyche. I am non certain. But cars have come, and they bring a greater alteration in our life than most of us suspect. They are here, and about all outward things are traveling to be different because of what they bring. They are traveling to change war, and they are traveling to change peace. I think work forces ‘s heads are traveling to be changed in elusive ways because of cars ; merely how, though, I could barely think. But you ca n't hold the huge outward alterations that they will do without some inward 1s, and it may be that George is right, and that the religious change will be bad for us. Possibly, ten or twenty old ages from now, if we can see the inward alt eration in work forces by that clip, I should n't be able to support the gasolene engine, but would hold to hold with him that cars ‘had no concern to be invented. ‘ † ~Booth Tarkington, The Magnificent Ambersons, 1917 In 1942 Orson Welles wrote and directed an acclaimed movie version of the book Bourgeois enthusiasm 1950 – 60 s fuelling station design was inspired by a businessperson enthusiasm for travel velocity, freedom, main roads and new car design Lent novel attributes to go, doing it an exciting stimulating experience. Today exhilaration about the freedom of independent travel in one’s ain auto has changed to indifference and annoyance. Congestion and long drilling distances along a monotonously efficient main road, every bit good as the entire dependence upon the auto as a agency of effectual travel have changed the psychological science of travel from escapade to frenetic haste from point A to point B. This alteration is besides reflected in the design of fuelling Stationss. Rather than outstations chiefly serving the auto ( normally with an associated workshop ) , extremist metropoliss attempt to supply ace efficient points of repose functioning commuters. In an effort to germinate the design of main road Stationss, with the altering psychological science of travel, fuell ing companies have responded by maximizing efficiency of service and agreeableness in an attempt to supply a ‘calming’ environment in which to pass money. The workshops, dirt and oil have disappeared, clean and healthful lavatories, shadowing workss and lawn purpose to make oases along ‘inhospitable’ terrain. I will mention to this type as extremist metropolis, since this term speaks of the. as yet. unfulfilled possible it holds. Ultra Cities This type has held my attending, since it depends strongly on the high flows along another planetary phenomenon – the expressway, Autobahn, main road – strips of practical urbanism cutting through rural and urban landscape. In the South African context the main road has diverted flows from the high streets of towns and little metropoliss. The concern and informal endeavor reacting in portion to the visitants and commuters go throughing through have lost their backing, which is now catered for by ‘ultra cities’ competing for attending along the main road. Having none of the dynamic and character of the high street, this type performs as an unnaturally deep-rooted mini-urbanity. In rural countries the most up to day of the month consumer points in a 200km radius are offered. The extremist metropolis ‘s purely regulated transiency, nevertheless has prevented it from going a node around which local endeavor could turn and profit in a meaningful manner. Owing to the extremely competitory nature of the fuel industry, certain interesting developments have taken topographic point, puting bare a scope of potencies to be explored.thestandardizationof a peculiar imageuninterrupted alterationof extra programme in the face of high fightthe flawlessnessof a certain scientifically-based layout to guarantee smooth traffic handling and gross revenuesextra comfortsssuch as eating houses, telephones, local home-made nutrient industry and jumping palaceslocal industryand markets are incorporated in certain instances‘Sky decks ‘ , suspe nded eating houses, etc have been developed to understate doubling of plan and instill involvement in usersdifferent nutrient franchisesand local concern cater for a diverse patronage ( tourers, locals, taxis )Contemporary developments include more programmatic options, making a wider scope of commercial maps for the commuter to prosecute with, every bit good as limited chances of single local endeavor. Transience is foisted on the commuter through a disregard in topographic point devising. This transiency, in portion is enforced by ordinances, but besides through the high turnover demands in pumping fuel. Any topographic point doing attempt or extra plan can be understood as devices helping higher fuel gross revenues. This position is held by fuel houses, since it is their concern to sell fuel merely. Thus the extremist metropolis has deserved as small enthusiasm as modern-day travel. A realization is clicking: better agreeableness and wider programmatic pick ( in the signifier of franchises ) , finally benefit fuel gross revenues in the face of highcompetition. It is besides for this ground that a site along the N1 on the border of Bloemfontein has been chosen, where several fuelling Stationss already thrive on high commuter flows. This scenario puts force per unit area on the premiss to introduce the extremist metropolis type. The potency of the extremist metropolis as deep-rootedextremely accessible mini urbanitycan now be realised. In a sense a limited country or instead one point along the main road becomes acongested prosaic urbancircuit ( accessed by auto ) ; an alternate development to the congestion of the old high street. In a periphery status of a metropolis, an break along a limited entree main road becomes an interesting point, where thepotencies of fringe, main road, and high commuter flowsbecomeconcentratedIn Bloemfontein ‘s instance, a civic, political and cultural aspiration demands to be taken into full history, since this edifice will necessarily in its remarkable being as urban grounds along the N1 go an icon to the metropolis of Bloemfontein. Hybrid energy It has become accepted, that most extremist metropoliss cater in a bland mode for conventional in-between category commuters caught up in vacation, concern or day-to-day rites in which travel is a necessary load. Peoples are prepared to halt at the locale affording most convenience in fuelling, utilizing ablutions, eating fast nutrient and drawing out once more, – a short break on their journeys Can a new exhilaration be created where people choose to linger for a piece, take notice of a landscape, engage with a programme non strictly commercial, but one which allows for rest of head and organic structure before go forthing refreshed and stimulated, non irritated? Could such a topographic point be really successful commercially every bit good, and pull a wider scope of people for different grounds? A certain extremist metropolis near Harrysmith is frequented by locals. It offers an environment set in a beautiful landscape and assorted shopping, good feeding and relaxation installations. Some South Africans take their nuptials exposure in forepart of extremist metropoliss, since, in certain countries, they sport the lone piece of accessible landscaped garden as puting A new fuelling station in Midrand proposes a diner over the main road as a meeting point for executives. These observations point to place-making potency achieved through the programmatic enlargement of fuelling sites and an integrating with landscape and recognition of a wider context. This attack no uncertainty begs for an all inclusive, long term vision, which fuel pools seem to be tenuously developing towards in coaction with assorted local endeavors and national franchises. In planetary bad tendencies – programmatic barrage is employed to make concentrated, diverse enclaves in which the different maps are reciprocally prolonging to bring forth big user attending. Interesting bad undertakings like the one in Kempton Park, where amega-casinoandhotel composite includes the proviso ofacultural installation– atheaterandmuseum.( This vision was put frontward by Caesar ‘s Palace fromLas Vegas,whohave theresources to colonize the site. ) Performance The extremist metropolis has everything to make with public presentation. It has to show a extremely seeable option in fast moving traffic. Large flows of commuters need to be handled expeditiously and swimmingly. Commuters need to be safely guided on and off, through and out The main road needs to stay efficient in its limited entree. Today thepublic presentationof architecture has become more of import than itssignifier. Efficiency in managing big flows of traffic or users, entree, services, etc. , are standards, which dominate architecture of a certain graduated table Theensuing signifieris so frequently dad in a peculiar manner ( e.g. in historical attire ) , in entire antithesis to its contents. Alternatively the scientific factors of design frequently become aesthetic generators in their ain right, paying court to our machine and information age. What is frequently forgotten is human experience, which is thought plenty to be reduced to the answering of a set of NEUFERTS informations. The most powerful potency of architecture, to my head, is the power it has in suggesting future ways of life in our universe. Informed by the present position quo, New programmatic combinations can be set up enabling assorted maps and different users be brought together in new life, working, recreational and learning dealingss. Since we, and everything around us are invariably germinating, so should we as interior decorators in order to non simply reply to complex modern-day demands In our undertakings we can integrate an apprehension of a jutting hereafter world. In this manner we become proactive alternatively of reactive in playing out the portion we have in determining our environment. The auto Today autos are designed as swimmingly moulded capsules enveloping their users, protecting them on the inhospitable terrain of high ] speed travel. In the same sense a edifice following to or over the main road shelters its users from noise and danger while reacting to the captivation of watching ‘the universe shoot by* . The edifice performs on a figure of other degrees ; opening up to protected landscapes, reacting to climate, positions, spread outing and undertaking to let for assorted events, etc This premiss aids in building a edifice which performs a fraudulence of maps, triggers associations, creates awareness – here architecture’s public presentation transcends that of the auto in making antiphonal topographic points. Its building reflects these potencies in the same mode as does that of the auto, but besides reacts to its context with which it ties in and at the same clip separates itself from. Procedure Since covering with a national, even planetary phenomenon, it became evident, that this type can ‘land’ anyplace, where high traffic flows warrant it The higher these flows the more extremist inventions are justified, in order to vie with the, necessarily, already bing Stationss or possible future rivals These scenarios proved intriguing to me and pointed in the way of a future vision of the type and an probe into the nature of the main road. I decided to ship on a figure of geographic expeditions of different possible context for the extremist metropolis type. I anticipated, that these exercisings would inform each other and assist me happen a specific site and develop a brief

Justice look

When you look up synonyms for the word Justice, or ask someone what they think the word meaner, they will spew out nouns such as: neutrality, fairness, impartiality's, etc. I believe Justice in terms of the criminal system is the collaboration of three different entities, police, court, and corrections. That have to work together to form an illusion of one single entity; and in doing this, they have to still maintain a check and balance system amongst themselves. So, no one system should be able to have full authority.For only by this can it strive for the ability to bring about a system that can observe eternally, Judge fairly, and the ability to weigh each investigation and case with a sense of impartiality. The main components of the criminal system are the police, court, and correction unit. They have to interact with one another by a collective meaner. You have the law enforcement in the forefront; they are the ones that have to enter the â€Å"crime scene,† take into con sideration all the evidence, collects the evidence, and they have to arrest the suspect.Once they have apprehended the suspect perceived to be the doer of the crime. The suspect at this time is taken to the rout; the evidence collected by the police is then presented at the court. Case is made by both prosecution and defense team. You have the unbiased Jury and Judge that view the case, evidence, and testimony; they deliberate and come back with a sentence. Once the suspect is sentenced, if found guilty, they are sent to a correctional institute. The correctional unit officers have to supervise the convicted felons.They have to ensure that their facility is well situated and capable of holding the convicted felons, so that both the inmates and the public can co-exist in a safe environment. The two models of the criminal Justice system are: The crime control model and the due process model. The two models differ from each other through which part of the Justice system they put their emphasis on. The Crime control model put their importance on reducing crime and criminal activities in society through implication of the Law enforcement officers, I. E. Alice/detective, taking control and in theory get to the solution and conviction as soon as possible. The Crime control model Judges the person for what they did, their role in the crime. It is more cut and dry. They believe the severity of the punishment should correlate with the crime. This theory allows for capital punishment, they don't believe one can change, or give too much importance for mental status, ethnicity, age, race, etc. The Due process model is quite the contrary, it stress the importance of taking into consideration ones race, age, demographics, etc.The Due process model put importance on respecting ones rights and following all the responsibilities of the law. While still protecting ones freedom. I think the fact that the main components of the Justice system sometimes inflict with each other are the reason why some cases get thrown out. A case, that I remember, is the clear epitome of when the Justice system failed; it took place in the 1993 â€Å"West Memphis Murders. † Three boys were killed in a horrific manner. Why were the murders not solved?Lack of poor evidence collected, rash decisions making, jumping to conclusion, media hype, and the police not following up on hints that were called in. They arrested three boys because they portrayed eccentric behaviors. They went on hearsay; they let the pressure of the media and public convict three caked proper detective tactics, and they pressured one of the suspects into admitting guilt. The Jury wasn't unbiased, everyone felt these boys were guilty and thus found them guilty.Had the law enforcement officers done their Jobs properly they would have followed up on the clue where there was a man completely bloody and delusional, in the bathroom of a fast food restaurant. The cops never showed up there to talk to him, the y went the next day to the restaurant took samples a sample of DNA, blood smear from the wall, and they lost that only sample of evidence. That case went unsolved, a case of three eight or nine year old boys. That shouldn't have happened. The system will fail if the three different entities of the Justice system don't act as one.Technically, I believe the crime control model is more useful because you get a verdict, action is taken, a suspect guilty of a crime pays for that crime accordingly to the severity of the crime; without technicality changing the sentence, or race, demographics, age playing a rule in how severe or lack of severity of the punishment. More criminal activities would be accounted for; people would fear law enforcement officers more. The due process model is more efficient and accurate. They enforce the rules and regulations of the law; they make sure any suspect is treated with the respect they deserve in accordance with the law.I believe both systems need to in teract with one another for it to be fair and Just. One system may come to a conclusion too quickly, while the other may allow someone guilty to get out of crime do solely to a technicality, so no one system is perfect on its own. However, I do believe the crime control model should be more prevalent in the Justice system. I think too much consideration is given to suspects, and why call someone suspect when their guilt is so evident, that really it's a point one percent chance for them not to have committed the crime.I think the severity of the crime should matter; a pedophilia serial killer should not be turned to life in prison where our tax money pays for their living. I don't think capital punishment should be banned; there are some out there that honestly don't deserve the â€Å"luxury' of a prison. An example of this would be, the Jodi Arias case, she stabbed her ex-boyfriend twenty-nine times, shot him, slit his throat, and left him to rot. Is it fair to say that it was an act of assign, when she stole the gun, made sure she had enough gas so that she didn't have to stop anywhere, and took pictures.

One Man Two Guvnors Drama Review

One Man Two Guvnors review In a packed theatre, full of audiences from all ages who continuously have a smile on their face; currently rated as a high five stars, One Man Two Guvnors could not be a funnier performance to watch. As soon as I entered the theatre, it was completely packed. I also saw many people from different age groups; this gave me a feeling that the show would be entertaining enough to get people from all ages to come and see the show. The environment of the theatre was very formal, as there was a red and gold layout and it was also very clean.Before the show started there was country singers, this was a very good way to introduce the show as the song was very upbeat and got me feeling more excited. They were dressed in checked shirts and suits; this gave me the feeling straight away that it would be based before the 2000s, which I was right as it is set in 1963. These country singers also came in a few times during the show and sang many more lively songs which I l oved hearing and sung with my friends. The main character that stood out the most to me was the well-known actor James Cordon, whom played a failed skiffle player named Francis who is in need of a job†¦ and a meal!He gets himself in a shuffle, as working as a servant for two masters whom are currently enemies. Many words could describe Francis; funny, dopey, confused, loud, sociable, at times annoying. Not only did he make the audience laugh, he also spoke to them too! For example, asking the audience who has a sandwich, which made the audience get more involved with Francis. He also did return a sandwich and a few other treats when asked! He had also made the audience a part of the performance as he needed some volunteers to get up on stage and help him out in the jobs he had to do. Such as, lifting a trunk and needing help on food preparations.My favourite scene that made Francis impress me the most was when he had to keep his two guvnors away from each other and at the same time serve them both food, whilst they was both opposite doors away from each other in the same hotel! His greedy behaviour of taking some food out of the dishes and keeping them for himself was absolutely hilarious. This is also the scene where he chose someone from the audience to help him take some food and store it in his pot. The way parts of this scene was off script yet still so on track and funny impressed me and I laughed the most at this scene.I also thought that the staging had a big impact to the audience. There were many different scene changes that looked so realistic; the living room, the Brighton pier, the upstairs hotel in The Cricketers Arms and the street outside it. The stage was spacious enough for the actors to move around freely, I still had a clear view even though I sat at the right at the top upper circle. The lighting on stage was very bright as the scenes were mostly indoors or in daylight. The music had suited the plays environment as the music was very upbeat, lively, loud and cheerful.Many instruments were played together to make many amazing songs and sounds. The play would stop in between, the curtains would draw and each time I got more inpatient wanting another song to come. The country singers who sang the songs gave me a warm, yet energetic feeling as I and the audience were clapping along to the rhythm, not to mention singing at the chorus. If these country singers did not perform, the overall play would not have been the same! Another scene that I also enjoyed a lot would be the ending scene, where Francis’ two jobs were revealed, all problems are sorted and the truth comes out.The two love birds are finally together and it’s all just like a fairy tale. This was a good way to end the performance in a happy atmosphere. Overall, I recommend that everyone should watch this performance as they will laugh their socks off just like the rest of the audience. I would rate the play a high 4 star performance as it was a fantastic, memorable experience that definitely made my day and is worth the watch. James Corden as his character Francis James Corden as his character Francis Rachel and Stanley whom are in love Rachel and Stanley whom are in love