American foreign policy Essay Example for Free

Ameri plenty remote policy EssayForeign policy refers to the strategies that governments employ to guide their actions towards other countries. The U. S. hostile policy is founded on the principles of democracy and tenets liberalization (Goldstein, 2003). The U. S. foreign policy takes into account issues of human rights, economic growth and development, panicism and environmental degradation and addresses them as challenges that can surpass be addressed through democracy in countries and institutions through bulge the world (Goldstein, 2003).The U. S. foreign policy has undergone significant transitions that match different historical periods in the world that include the World War I, the World War II, the Cold War, the post Cold War period and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The unify Nations and the United States atomic number 18 arguably the or so influential players in the international outline as well as in the global semipolitical economics as a whole. Having been formed with the main objective of promoting and achieving sustainable peace in the world, the United Nations remains the most dominant and most influential International Governmental fundamental law in the world (Roberts Kingsbury 1994).In theoretical terms, the fundamental significance of the United Nations as well as the operational challenges faced by the institution ar illustrated in the theory of realism which states that there is no world government, or political authority above the state, a situation that ultimately reduces the international system to absolute anarchy with the absence of any overarching political body with the capacity to enforce law and order among its members or nation states (Roberts Kingsbury 1994).The realism theory stresses on the centrality of the state, or nation state as the ultimate political authority in the politics of the international system. As such, the overriding motive of all states is self-preservation through maximization o f power, a characteristic that effectively transforms the international system of a war of all against all (Goldstein, 2003). The realism theory further argues that stability is best achieved in the balance of power which can be achieved through increased interactions among states, with the most powerful country playing the role of a balancer (Goldstein, 2003).Today, the U. S. is the most powerful country in the world and has effectively assumed the role of a balancer in the international system, with the United Nations serving as the overarching political body with capacity to enforce law and order among its member states. Domestic Public Attitudes toward Foreign Policy in the United States At the domestic level, the U. S. foreign policy enjoys a lot of support among the citizenry. According to a report by World Public Opinion. org, a strong majority of U. S. citizens support of the U. S. battle in the world.However, the number of U. S. citizens who feel disgruntled by the country foreign policies is growing steadily. The World Public Opinion. org has established that the Statesns evokely support the continued leading role that the U. S. plays in the world. These findings were based on a 2006 GMF poll which indicated that 84 part of those polled saying it was desirable for the U. S to exert strong leadership affairs, with 43 percent having been quoted as expressing a US global influence as being very desirable, and only 14 percent expressing their concerns about the U.S. global influence. However, the fire support of the U. S foreign policy by its citizenry does support the role of the U. S. in global affairs as a hegemony, but quite a supports the idea of shared leadership roles with other players in the international system. A significant segment of the U. S population believes that the U. S security has been threatened by the way the U. S. has been using the threats of military force as leverage in the international system.In a poll conducted by the World Public Opinion. org, 63 percent of the respondents were of the view that the U. S. military threats prompt other countries to be protective by developing and acquiring weapons of mass destruction. In another survey that was carried out in 2003 by the Chicago Council on globose Affairs, majority of the U. S. citizens faulted the war in Iraq, with 66 percent of the respondents believing that the war has had negative effects on the relations between the U. S. and the Muslim world.According to the survey, 64 percent of the respondents expressed concerns that the war will not promote democracy in the Middle eastmost while a further 61percent expressed fears that the war will not reduce the threat of terrorism. International Public Attitudes toward Foreign Policy in the United States There has been a growing disdain for the U. S. foreign policy in many countries throughout the world. The September 11 terrorist attacks and the subsequent U. S. war on terror are seen as having parti cularly caused dramatic shifts in U. S. foreign policy (Grant, 2004).The military operations in Afghanistan that induct been ongoing since October 2001 to date and the U. S. invasion of Iraq have taken toll on the go out of the United States with people from around the world and those in the Muslim countries in particular showing the lowest ratings for the U. S foreign policy. According to the Pew Global Attitudes Project that is run by the Washington DC based Pew Research Centre, Americas image relative to the countrys foreign policy has dropped immensely over the years.According to the report of the project, the United States is trailing many countries in favorability ratings. Countries such as France, Germany, China and Japan are more popular than the U. S in the European Union countries and Muslim countries. The study showed that while the ratings of the U. S were highest in Asian countries such as India, the favorability ratings of the country dropped by 15 percent in India b etween 2005 and 2006. The study further indicated that levels of negative attitudes that the populations of Western Europe have towards America are even higher than they were in 2002 before the Iraq invasion.The Pew Global Attitudes Project report also showed low ratings for President George Bush both domestically and internationally, with the confidence in bush to make the right decisions in international affairs having dropped in seven of the eleven countries in 2005 as provided by the selective information that tracked the trends. The report further indicates a steady slump of rating for George Bush in European countries and among predominantly Muslim populations. George Bush registered the largest slump of ratings in the U. S. from 62 percent in 2005 to 50 percent in 2006.In regard to the War on Terror, the Pew Global Attitudes Project reported an overwhelming decrease in international public support for the U. S led war on terrorism. With Muslim countries having obviously regi stered the highest levels of criticisms against the war on terror, Spain and Japan also registered almost virtual collapse of support for the counter-terrorism war. As of 2006, the support for war on terror in Spain had reduced to 19 percent from 63 percent in 2003 while Japan registered public support of 26 percent from 61 percent in 2002, according to information provided by the Pew Global Attitudes Project.

Fantasy Theme Analysis of Commercial Essay Example for Free

Fantasy Theme Analysis of Commercial EssayIts Not About the Shoes The Jordan Brand attempts to communicate to its sense of hearing that to get legendary they need to represent that it is not about the shoes, scarcely what it is you do in them. They do this by showing a number of maven jockstraps performing when they were in college and high school to the narrators (Michael Jordan) words. This paper hypothesizes how it is the Jordan Brand attempts to bring their interview to the overlap rhetorical muckle of change state legendary, by means of vision themes in their ad Its Not About the Shoes. The Fantasy Theme Criticism To understand this papers argument on how it is the Jordan Brand attempts to use reverie themes in their ad, we must get-go understand what exactly the Fantasy Theme Criticism is. It was bring aboutd by Ernest G. Bor adult malen, and was designed to provide insights into the shared worldview of a group of rhetors. It is derived from the Symbolic Conve rgence Theory, and can be applied to different types of rhetoric including the kind(s) used on small groups, social movements, political campaigns, and organizational communication.The criticism relies on two assumptions. One, that rhetoric creates human beingnesss, and two, that convergence occurs. With regards to rhetoric creating reality we are to assume that the symbolic forms that are created from the rhetoric are not imitations but organs of reality. This is because it is with their agency that anything becomes real. We assume to that convergence occurs because symbols not only create reality for individuals but that individuals meanings can combine to create a shared reality for participants.The shared reality then provides a basis for the community of participants to discuss their common experiences and to achieve a mutual understanding. The effect of this is that the individuals develop the same attitudes and emotions to the personae of the drama. Within this criticism the consultation is seen as the most critical part because the sharing of the message is seen as being so significant. The radical unit of this analysis is looking at the different fantasy themes within the rhetoric being analyzed.Fantasy themes tell a story thataccounts for the groups experience and that is the reality of the participants. The three fantasy themes that are necessary to create a drama are backdrop, characters, and put throughs. These fantasy themes then come in concert to form a fantasy type, and rhetorical vision. A fantasy type is a stock rhetorical vision that appears repeatedly in the rhetoric of a group. The actual rhetorical vision is the unified putting together of the various shared fantasies, or a swirling together of fantasy themes to provide a credible interpretation of reality.In the takings there is a rhetorical vision, it is suggested that a rhetorical community forms that consists of participants in the vision, or members who have shared the fan tasy themes. It is within this community that the ability to understand and act on the motives for action that the rhetorical vision attempts to communicate reside. Analysis Within this ad, there is a number of fantasy themes that the Jordan Brand incorporated that potentially could lead their audience to the desired rhetorical vision they wished to communicate.This part of the paper will seek to analyze this ad by first looking at our ads relationship with the audience, and then breaking the fantasy themes down into the three different kinds that make up this analysis and how they could come together to form a fantasy type and rhetorical vision. In order for the ad to make sense it must share a First there is the setting theme(s). Setting themes testify where it is the action is taking place. In this ad, there are a variety of different athletic venues depicted in which the carnal setting takes place for athletes to become legendary.For example, there is a hoops court (P3, P8, P1 5, P20, P21), a boxing ring (P12-13), a baseball field (P5-6), and football field (P11, P17-18). All of these different physical places are where athletes go to train and perform to become legendary. We here the narrator state various inspirational lines pertaining to ones performance such as, Its about exertion before resplendence (L10-11) and that it is about Taking everything you have been given, and making something better (L8-9). This suggests to the audience that practice and hard work in whatever sportyou prefer to compete in, are required if you wish to become legendary. The next major setting theme of the ad is within the audience is itself. In the very first scene (P1) all we see initially is the shoes with an unidentified person sitting in them. The screen then scrolls up to reveal a man who it is sitting in a chair deep in thought. This is possibly meant to be symbolic that for each one and every person in the audience is that athlete in those shoes. Then in the fina l scene we see a black screen with the words Become Legendary.These two slides form the setting that each member of the audience is supposed to face, the moment in their mind at which they either decide in favor of, or against attempting to become legendary. In appendix to this the ad references you the audience a total of 8 times. This supports that the ad is trying to communicate to its audience wherever it is, and since this ad is attempting to call to action its audience the setting is within the audiences minds themselves when they are making their decision. Next there is the characters theme(s).Character themes are any person or object shown engaging in human deal action. As previously stated, the ad references you a total of 8 times and makes clear that the audience is the most important character in this ad. Through the imaging and words, the audience is supposed to either imagine themselves as the athletes depicted, or as themselves in similar settings on the athletic fi eld. This inclusive strategy of using the quarrel and themes of the ad to relate to the audience helps to build convergence The athletes who are shown in the ad are also important characters.It is not explicitly stated in the ad who these athletes are, but by watching the ad and viewing the final scene in which the words Become Legendary (P22) appear, the audience can sympathize that whoever these athletes are, they are legends in their respective games. They are depicted throughout the ad performing various acts of athletic ability, and through the narrators words the audience is supposed to imagine themselves performing similar acts as these athletes. Finally, there is the actions theme(s). Action themes deal with the action of the drama.Within this ad there are numerous action themes. By looking at the oculars of the ad we see athletes running up and down a basketball court (P3, P20), hitting baseballs (P5-6), shooting a basketball (P8), catching touchdowns (P11, P18), and hit ting a punching bag (P13). Accompanying these visuals we here the narrators words and are able to understand the qualities these athletes possess, and how their actions (which become transparent through the ads visual and audio display) have lead them to become legendary.For example, we here the narrator say for the baseball scene (P4-6) that Its about having the courage to fail (L4-5). The audience is supposed to understand that having courage/acting courageous is important to have if one wishes to become legendary. Another example is in slides P12-15 in which we go from the visual of a young boxer working out, to the image of basketball player in celebration and here the words Its about work, before glory (L10-11).This scene depicts that the action of working hard leads to the act of celebration in victory. This scene also lends itself to the idea that the act of working hard is important to becoming legendary. These themes form a fantasy type which is that it is not about the sho es. We here this exact line stated in P1L1 that It is not about the shoes. end-to-end the ad we then see various video clips and pictures that show us, as well as hear our narrator tell us, what it is about.We then hear in L14 that once again Its not about the shoes and then in L15-16 that Its about what you do in them, its about being who you were born to be. This fantasy type provides the resolution to the original conflict brought about in the first scene. The fantasy themes discussed above all come together to hopefully lead the audience to the rhetorical vision to become legendary, which is what the rhetor hoped to communicate. Through the fantasy themes the audience is able to see how it is that they can become legendary

Culture of American Indians Essay Example for Free

Culture of American Indians EssayIn Against the Grain, environmental journalist Richard Manning (2004) argues that nonions of distinguish and property are a direct result of the emergence of agricultural civilizations beginning 10,000 years ago. This is because of the social necessities demanded by distribution and storage of surplus. Conversely, he points bulge out the contrastingly egalitarian nature of the hunter-gatherer lifestyles and the deeper social ties which result from cooperative food acquisition.Consider for example, the Plains Indians of North America prior to the arrival of European settlers, who would utilize their intimacy of buffalo movement patterns to haze and herd them, towards a cliff. By diverting the stampede of a large number of animals to their sudden vertical death, they would obtain a caloric pay-off through minimal effort, but required social organization and sharing, both of the labor and of the proceeds. (Manning, 2004 mho Dakota State Histori cal Society Education Kit, 2008) and despite this element of uncertainty in hunting and gathering, Richard Steckel notes that towards the end of the 19th century, the Plains Indians were among the tallest people in the world and argues despite the numerous technological and agricultural advances they did not have, they were surprisingly well-nourished compared to whites, indicating that agriculture should not be taken for granted as the sign of social advancement it is purported be,Manning notes that, in the absence of storage meat and preservation technologies, it was impossible for the Plains Indians to hoard bison meat. Therefore wealth accumulation was impossible. As such, communal feasting became the payoff for social organization, argues Manning Agriculture on the hand, created social social stratification in the form of governance, hierarchy and other institutions necessary for the management of food surplus.Although there is certain room for question to be made about the t rustworthy egalitarianism of the hunter gatherer cultures of the Plains Indians, they certainly lacked some of the rigidly defined political structures which characterized those be keen-sighteding to the cultures of Europeans at the point of first contact. Comanche leadership was rather informal, usually identifiable by consensus rather than by any formal nomination to the position and the longevity of a war chiefs authority lasted only as long as they were at war. (Bial, 2000) The Blackfoot people maintained a flexible social structure, a band, which was in constant flux. As such, social relationships were not determined all by kinship but by residence.In modern times, the case for the difference between hunter-gatherer innate Americans such as the Plains Indians of pre-modern times and the agricultural Native Americans can be observed in the difference between the Inuit peoples, who live a predominantly hunter-gatherer lifestyle out in the Arctic regions (Snow, 1996) and the pe oples of the Cherokee and Lakota.The Inuit are note for their strong sense of community and flexible division of labor among gender lines. The Cherokee and the Lakota, however, have now long been agricultural societies characterized by their class and gender divisions, as well as their contentious disposition towards identity and blood quantum laws.REFERENCESBial, R. (2000) Lifeways The Comanche. New York Benchmark Books.Manning, R. (2004) Against the Grain How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization. New York North Point Press.Buffalo and the Plains Indians. (2008, April 4) South Dakota State Historical Society Education Kit. Retrieved July 3, 2008 from http//www.sdhistory.org/mus/ed/Buffalo%20Kit%20Activiteis/Teacher%20Resource.pdfSnow, D. R.. (1996) The first Americans and the differentiation of hunter-gatherer cultures. North America. Eds. Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb E. Washburn. Cambridge University Press, 1996.

The Culture And Practices In Islam Theology

The Culture And Practices In Islam TheologyThe origins of Islam are from Saudi Arabia, it is a religious tradition that is monotheistic. The literal meaning of the denomination Islam is submission to God Julie Williams, 2008 This complete code of life is based on the divine revelations preached by Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) it addresses any aspects of life spiritual, social, moral, intellectual, political, economical etc. Its teachings expose us how to surrender to Allahs will in every area of life, Who is the supreme creator and sustainer of this world. The sacred scripture of Islam is the Quran, which is the compilation of all the divine revelations send to Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) and were taught by him. The underlying principle which is the foundation of Islam is that there is only one God, Allah. He has no equal or any partner.tail fin Pillars of Islam are its unifying characteristic they are the primary aspect of religion. These five pillars include Tauhid, which is the first and most important it is faith in one consecutive God, Allah. The second is Salah or Namaz, which is the ritual prayer Muslims are required to perform five times a twenty-four hour period. Fasting is the third pillar of Islam where Muslims stiff for a whole month. Zakat, the charity compulsory on certain wealth is the fourth pillar, the fifth pillar is Hajj, which is a pilgrimage a Muslim with tolerable wealth is required to take at least once in his lifetime.Apart from the five pillars of Islam, there are also six articles of faith. These include whimsey in One GodBelief in all the prophetsBelief in the four original Holy scripturesBelief in the angelsBelief in the Hereafter and day of judgementBelief in Divine verdictMuslims are usually distinguished by their devotion to the obligation of praying fives times to Allah in a day. An new(prenominal) defining characteristic of Islam is pre-eminence of the sacred places, which are Makah, Medina and Jerusalem. A ritual of Muslims is to gather in a congregation at mosque to pray and idolize Allah, also study the divine scripture, Quran. The distinction as to who is better in the Muslim community is based on solely the individual Muslims devotion to function in the path of Allah. The prevalent aspect of Islam caused it to expand almost instantly after it evolved in Arabian Peninsula, in the present world it has spread across Africa, Europe, Asia and rest of the world. Although most of the Muslims are born into faith but Islam always welcomes the coverts too (Julie Williams, 2008). Even though Islam originated from Arab region, the Muslims are not necessarily Arab it is a universal religion which is for everyone across the globe. There are Muslims from almost every nationality in the world, now the Arabs are only 20% of the Muslim population across the world.The square up of Arab civilization on Islam has had effects on those who belonged to other(a) cultures but adopted Islam too. This has created a cultur al bond due to similarities that they share among their societies, although these different societies do as yet restrain characteristics that clearly distinguish them. The culture of Islam inherited an Arab culture that was originated in desert, which although is simple yet not in any way unsophisticated.It has a vocal tradition founded on the broadcast of culture by means of narrative as tumesce as poetry. Although, the largest impact on Moslem civilization is that of the scripted scripture, the whole civilization is based on the teachings written down and compiled in form of Holy Quran and taught by the Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h).A ts of embolden beings. The focus of Islamic art is on Allahs omnipresence, which cannot be illustrate ts of animate beings. The focus of Islamic art is on Allahs omnipresence, which cannot be illustrated in any imagery. The calligraphy in Arabic is a famous art form to beautifully preserve Quranic verses. The Islamic art with its artistry as well as nobleness has not failed to inspire awe over the centuries.d in any imagery. The calligraphy in Arabic is a famous art form to beautifully write Quranic verses. The Islamic art with its artistry as well as grandeur has not failed to inspire awe over the centuries.n important part of the Islamic culture is its signature art and architecture (Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, Edwin R. McDaniel, 2009) which is marked by floral decorative patterns and abstract art. The fundamental aspect of Islamic art is that it is devoid of illustrations of living beings, peculiarly humans according to the teachings of Islam, since it is forbidden in religion to paint or draw portraits of animate beings. The focus of Islamic art is on Allahs omnipresence, which cannot be illustrated in any imagery. The calligraphy in Arabic is a famous art form to beautifully write Quranic verses. The Islamic art with its artistry as well as grandeur has not failed to inspire awe over the centuries.Critically out lines how the history and practices of Islam shape the lives of Muslims today in a short paragraph well-nigh of the practices which are prevailing in Muslim world of today are not mentioned in The Quran. Although, the saying of Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) and his conduct of every day life provide the Muslims of today the basis for traditions and the practices of today in form of Sunnah. The Sunnah and Hadith of holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) provides a guiding path for all the Muslims of today from every day rituals like eating with the right hand, growing beard for men and hijab to cover the head for women, greeting another Muslim with salaam etc to major issues like marriage and legal problems. In the troubled world of today however, it is crucial to be able to differentiate as to what is true to Islamic nature and what only a part of culture. Many of the customs that prevail in todays Muslim world gestate no roots in every Quran or Sunnah.Compare Islamic culture with other culturesIslam is o ne of the three Divine religions, other two being Judaism and Christianity which preceded Islam but were annulled when Allah sent the contentedness of Islam through Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h), which was to be the last and universal religion for the entire mankind.The preceding cultures have various similarities but major differences in comparing to Islam. Lets take Judaism for instance, there are many differences among these two religions yet they all originate from one basic difference. Although they both believe in One God, they have difference in the belief of Prophet, Islam is based on the teachings that Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) came with and believes him to be the Last Prophet. Where as Jews believe only in the prophet lout of Moses. According to Islamic belief any who denies that Holy Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h) was the last prophet would be doomed to an eternity in hell. There are other contrasting beliefs in both the religions too, for example Jews believe prophet Ismail to be a n idolater where as Muslims respect him as prophet of Allah.Christianity and Islam have a hardening of similarities. Both of them hold the belief in Prophets, Divine scriptures, day of judgement/resurrection, importance of religion. Many of the teachings in their scriptures are similar too, although the Original transcript of leger has now been tampered with. Regardless of these similarities there are a lot of crucial differences too.Their Understanding of Allah is very different, in Islam God is one and only with no equals where as in Christianity they deem Jesus to be the son of God. In Christian culture, the belief of divine revelation is that God himself appeared to preach and provide redemption. Islam on the other hand looks upon revelation as a form of guidance.Aside from difference of islam with these two major religion cultures, since islam has spread across the world, its true culture has interpreted various changes depending on the region it exists in, for example in sub continent, Malaysia and Indonesia. The influence of hindu culture is dominant on Muslim practices too, since the people that converted to islam and formed muslim communities there were originally hindus. Practices like lighting candles on the last seven Ramadan nights has been adopted from a Hindu festival, so are many of the customs tough in marriage that require bride and groom to sit centre stage and get appraised and blessed by the crowd. These practices are contrasting to what is truly Islamic and have no origins in islam whatsoever.

What Is Effective Production Management Commerce Essay

What Is Effective Production Management Commerce EssayTo begin with, effective overlapion management is im contingent without scientific management. scientific management is a part of the cycles production management at the operational direct. It should be based on scientific achievements and best practices to ensure increasing productivity and preserving human health.It is strategic to mention that an American engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor was the first scientific engineer, who used and formalized scientific management and highlighted its four principles. Milton (1957) stated that Taylor was an innovator and an entrepreneur in his field, and he had more than his sh atomic number 18 of emulators, rivals, and disciples (p. 23).According to Finn Borum (1980), Frederick Taylor becomeed on promoting efficiency in manufacturing enterprises around the turn of the century (p. 288).scientific management is a process of improving the dig governing body based on scientific achievemen ts and excellence.Scientific management is the comminute establishment based on modern scientific achievements and best practices, which were systematically introduced into the workplace. Scientific management allows combining technology and people in the industry process. In addition to the above-mentioned information, scientific management can be characterized as An melioration within classical management theory that emphasizes the scientific study of work methods in order to improve worker efficiency (Bartol and Martin, 1998, p. 41).Scientific managements implementation saves cartridge clip and is an grand growth factor productivity of living labor. The sizeableness and value of scientific management is that it allows you to save hard work as a end of better use of the productions material elements. Moreover, the importance of scientific management to organizations is also that it solves the problems of wasted human effort and promotes efficiency and effectiveness in the workplace. And, finally, the improvement of labor organization gives an opportunity to save future labor by taking into account the requirements of scientific management on the stage of companies, equipment and processes design. George (1968) said that Taylors work had importance in ways directly germane to operations research. His contributions, great as they were intrinsically, were even more valuable in revealing the merit of creating elements of organization whose disapprove was not the performance of operations, but their analysis It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of this first basic step the formation of organizations for research on operationshis work take to better decisions than those which were possible, and in most cases, necessary before (pp. 151-152).Scientific management plays an important billet in solving the problems of improving production efficiency and improves product quality. The important directions of scientific management beImprovement of forms of region and cooperation of labor in enterprisesImprovement of the workplaces organization and maintenanceRationalization of techniques and methods of workImprovement of work quota settingPreparation and training the workforceImprovement of the working conditionsRationalization of work and restStrengthening of labor disciplineIncrease of employees creative activity.The main key characteristics of scientific management scientific management calls for the scientific methods application to work in order to define the best method for solving all(prenominal) task. Scientific management admits that the employees should be scientifically chosen based on their professional qualifications and trained to carry out their work in the optimum manner. Scientific management aimed at addressing the following interrelated tasks economic, psycho-physiological and social. The economic task deals with the equipments complete use, raw materials, and increase of labor productivity. The creation of favorable working environment, which is very important for the workers health, their working capacity is the solution of the psychophysiological task. The solution of the social task aimed at increasing satisfaction of the labors conditions and results. It should be noted that scientific management has a all the way specify set of the tasks.There is an interaction between scientific management and improvement of other elements of the organization of production. This is especially manifested in the organization of workplaces. The labor organization is associated with production of elements, such as equipment and technology. The labor organization affects the type and nature of production.The major components of scientific management are the division of labor and cooperation.The division of labor in the enterprise means an isolation of separate partial work processes to reduce the production cycle due to the simultaneous execution of various jobs and improvement of work productiv ity. It is important to mention that the organizers of production at the enterprises of the countries with developed market economies pay great attention to the drop-off of manufacturing cycle time. This is due to the fact that the reduction of manufacturing cycle time is a central task of the organization and management of production, an indicator of the effectiveness of managerial work. The high level of specialization indicates production standards.The division of labor is impossible without its cooperation. The cooperations objective is to ensure coherence between the actions of individual employees or groups of employees performing a variety of work functions.The division of labor and cooperation are two interrelated and complementary aspects of production management. The division of labor can be technical, functional, qualifying and professional. The technological division of labor is divided into phases, types of work, products, sites that detail technological operations. I t determines the placement of workers in accordance with production technology and greatly affects the level of works importance.An important task of a work organizator consists of finding the optimal level of the technological division of labor. The functional division of labor depends on nature of staff functions in production and their participation in the production process. According to this criterion, workers are divided into workers and employees. Employees are divided into leaders, professionals and technical executors. In turn, the workers can be functional groups of main workers service and support, groups of maintenance and transport workers quality inspectors, working for might services, etc. The qualifying division of labor divides into complexity and accuracy of work in accordance with professional knowledge and experience. The division of labor is carried out downstairs the skill level of the employees. The professional division of labor divides into trades, profes sions, grades and categories. With the help of the above-stated principles and components of scientific management, it is possible to increase specialization in production in order to emphasise worker rights in the shop floor. Sullivan admitted that This mass production model of shop-floor control depends on two key assumptions a job is a precisely defined series of tasks and seniority is the criterion for the allocation of jobs (1987, p. 96).In order to compare and contrast scientific management to more modern management approach, such as total quality management (TQM), it is possible to say that the difference between these two approaches is that the main idea of TQM is that the company should work not only on product quality, but also on work quality as a whole, including the staff work. The continual improvement of these three components is quality, quality of process organization, and qualifications of staff can achieve more rapid and effective business development.Quality is defined by categories, such as a degree of implementation of guest requirements and growth in financial performance. But the main idea of scientific management is that labor organization is an integral part of the organization of production. The basis of scientific management is the division of labor, which involves the separation of major works from the subsidiary preparatory and ancillary works. These actions help to improve the usage of working time of skilled employees. It is possible to conclude that both management approaches are very important for all types of organizations and are the basis of modern management.Nowadays, scientific management plays a big role in the modern organizations process and it has a direct relevance to the modern business environment. A good example is McDonalds Corporation, one of the largest fast-food restaurants, which still applies the principles and basic standards of scientific management in its organizational process.McDonalds Corporation al ways tries to promote its workers through divergent practical and effective ways.For instance, McDonalds uses different types of promotion programs and competitive salaries. It takes many different forms from the thankful words to financial incentives or even to a wide recognition of Employee of the Month.In addition, Macdonalds applies the methods associated with a scientific study. Moreover, the company scientifically selects, trains, and develops each worker and employee.Seldon, Ingraham, and Jacobson (1999) write The selection process is one of the most critical human resource functions because it supplies persons with specific knowledge skills and abilities needed to perform public services. (p. 602). This is a real tradition and an essential part of work for McDonalds to train its employees scientifically and practically. McDonalds puts into practice the third principle of scientific management and cooperates with its workers, teaching and helping them in either way. McDon alds divides work into equal parts between managers and employees. Every worker keeps his/her place and is occupied only with his/her job.In summary, it is possible to draw a conclusion that scientific management is a set of measures aimed at achieving the greatest results in the organization of production. Scientific managements implementation creates the conditions for health workers to maintain their efficiency, increase the period of their employment, growth, cultural and technical level of workers.Taylor, who is considered to be a father of scientific management, made a great contribution to the development of a new knowledge domainview. His disciple Carl Barth stated that My inhalation is that the time will come when every drill press will be speeded just so, and every planer, every lathe the world over will be harmonized just like musical pitches are the same all over the worldso that we can standardize and say that for drilling a 1-inch hole the world over will be done wit h the same speedThat dream will come true, some time (1914, p. 889). Modern scientific management consists of organizational, technical, psycho-physiological and techno-economic aspects of work organization and management.

Social And Cultural Aspects Of Thailand Cultural Studies Essay

Social And Cultural Aspects Of Tailand Cultural Studies EssayHistorical accent Siameseland has a wide variety of fauna and flora and boasts wide ethnic diversity as well. Thanks to its abundant resources and fertile land, it has attracted batchs of many countrys, who acquire identifytled and thrived here.The origin of the siamese connections is non agreed on amongst academics. Three decades ago it could be said with presumed certainty that the Siameses originated in northwestern Szechuan in China about 4,500 geezerhood ago and later migrated south to their present homeland. However, this theory has been altered by the disc everywherey of remarkable prehistoric artifacts in the village of Ban Chiang in the Nong Han territorial dominion of Udon Thani Province in the Northeast of Siameseland. These include evidence of bronze met altogetherurgy dating back 3,500 years, as well as another(prenominal) indications of a culture out-of-the-way(prenominal) more sophisticated than previously seed by archaeologists. It now appears that siamese connections might have originated here in Siameseland and later scattered to various separate of Asia, including more or less parts of China.Siam is the name by which the country was known to the world until 1939 and again between 1945 and 1949. On May 11, 1949, an official proclamation declargond that the country would henceforth be known as Thailand. The word Thai means Free, and therefore Thailand means Land of the Free.The MonarchyThe words of the Thai Royal Anthem, performed at most official ceremonies and onwards the start of every movie, may strike a Western ear as more or less archaic. After altogether, the system of absolute monarch only ifterflyy ended in 1932, following a revolution staged by a small group of disaffected civil servants and military men. Since then, Thai kings have ruled under a constitution their powers theoretically no greater than those of European monarchs. Yet, since he was offic ially crowned in 1946, His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej has assumed the role of constitutional monarch and has worked tirelessly on behalf of his people, gaining a measure of personal devotion that is probably more intense than that felt for any of his all-powerful ancestors. It has been said that Their Majesties King Bhumibol and big businessman Sirikit are the hardest working royal couple in the world with a work load once estimated to be equal to at least oneness function every day of the year. Of the several institutions that form the foundation of modern Thai life, the one His Majesty represents is not only the most visible precisely also the most worship.His Majesty has devoted himself to man service and made enduring contri stillions to Thailands development, initiating vital royally-suggested projects such as crop rotation, fish breeding, irrigation, natural washstand programs, dairy farming, reforestation, road building, and the establishment of self-help villages. His Majesty has traveled countrywide by helicopter, jeep, train, boat and on foot, frequently to the remotest corners of his Kingdom, in pursuit of his projects. He is held in broad(prenominal) esteem nationwide for his profound interest in his peoples welfare. Her Majesty Queen Sirikit frequently accompanies His Majesty and shares a close interest in the welfare of hobnailed Thais. Her Majesty has wholeheartedly helped establish foundations such as SUPPORT which assists Thailands clownish population to produce and sell traditional craft products for supplementary income.The Thai monarchy is revered and regarded as the central, unifying element in the pillars of the nation. King Bhumibol was born on December 5, 1927, ascended the throne on June 9, 1946, and married Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on April 28, 1950.Their Majesties have four children Their Royal Highnesses Princess Ubol Ratana, Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn, Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, and Princess Chulabhorn. T he Royal Couple are conscientiously assisted by their children, who frequently accompany them and represent Their Majesties at official functions and ceremonies.The signThailands national flag, ceremoniously raised each morning at 08.00 and lowered at 18.00 in every town and village. The flag is composed of five plane bands of red, white, and blue. Outer bands of red representing the nation enclose equal inner bands of white evoking religion. The blue band, occupying the central one-third of the total area, symbolizes the monarchy. The harmony of design expresses the complementary nature of these three pillars of the Thai nation. The tri-colored flag, prototypical introduced by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) in 1917, replaced an earlier design which featured a white elephant on a red background. universal HollidaysMost national holidays and festivals are of a religious nature and serve to evoke a sense of devotion to the monarchy, the religion, and the nation. Some are celebrated by the lunar calendar and thus vary in date from year to year, while others are celebrated according to the solar calendar. Bank Holidays for 2010 areThai culture and customsInformality and general friendliness in relationships of all age, economic and social groups characterize the Thai culture and people. Thai people are tolerant of to the highest degree all kinds of behaviour and never expect foreigners to understand the intricacies of Thai social customs.A Thai greetingIn Thailand people do not normally say good morning, good afternoon, good evening or good night. They greet each other with the word Sawadee, and instead of frisson hands, they put their palms together in a prayer-like gesture and bow slightly. It is customary for the jr. or lower in status to begin the greeting. When taking leave, the uniform word and procedure is repeated. This gesture is called a Wai. If you are greeted with a Wai you should reply with the alike(p) gesture, though it is not necessary to return a Wai to a child. ring of a Wai as you would a handshake. Initiate a Wai because of sincere pleasure at an introduction. You leave behind not cause offence if you Wai inappropriately in Thailand, but you may create confusion. Dont return a Wai from waiting staff, drivers or other help. You might hope to strike a blow for equality, but will in fact cause embarrassment. A Wai to your teacher (any kind of teacher) is definately appropriate any smiles you receive in return are of appreciation.Sanuk means funOne of the first things you will notice when you visit Thailand is the Thai peoples inherent sense of playfulness and light heartedness. Sanuk is the Thai word for fun, and in Thailand anything worth doing, even work, should have around element of Sanuk. This doesnt mean Thai people dont want to work or strive. It is just that they live more in the moment, and do their best to enjoy it. The historied Thai smile stems partly from this desire to make Sanuk.The concept of saving b aged(prenominal)nessThai people have a refined sense of public image and believe strongly in the concept of saving face. That is, they will go to great lengths to avoid confrontation and endeavour not to embarrass each themselves or other people (unless of course it is Sanuk to do so). The ideal face saver does not bring up negative topics in conversation, or talk in an argumentative, judgemental or aggressive manner. Raising your voice or losing your temper will never be constructive in Thailand. It will core in loss of face for everyone involved, and you may be ignored as a result. You may notice Thai people smiling in the face of some others misfortune. This is not a sign of callousness, but an attempt to save face for the person suffering misfortune. Saving face is the major source of the famous Thai smile. It is the best possible face to ease almost any situation.Social status in ThailandAccording to simple lines of social rank defined by age, wealth, and personal and politi cal power all relationships in Thai society are governed by connections between Phu Yai (big people) and Phu Noi (little people). When meeting someone new a Thai person will automatically make an assessment regarding their Phu Yai or Phu Noi status. They may ask quite probing questions in order to place them. A set of mutual obligations requires Phu Noi to defer to Phu Yai through demonstrations of obedience and respect. In return Phu Yai are obligated to care for and offer assistance to Phu Noi they have regular contact with. Phu Noi may ask Phu Yai for favours such as financial help or assistance securing employment. It would cause Phu Yai some loss of face to refuse these favours. When eating out in restaurants, Phu Yai will normally settle the bill. Examples of automatic Phu Yai status include adults over children, bosses over employees, elder classmates over younger classmates, elder siblings over younger siblings, teachers over students, military over civilian, Thai over non-T hai. As a visitor to Thailand you may be assigned Phu Yai status as a sign of courtesy, stemming somewhat from assumptions regarding your wealth and education. Do not be offended by these assumptions. If you are lucky enough that Thai people hold you in high regard, fruit it as a compliment.Mai Pen Rai never mindMai Pen Rai means never mind (or more literally its nothing). Symbolising Thailands unofficial national philosophy these three little words help to calm the heart of a nation. Mai Pen Rai enables the Thai people to retain their composure, keep smiling and be intelligent in everything they do. Thai people care little about trifling things. If they are frustrated, instead of getting angry they simply say Mai Pen Rai and shape the problem by some other means. Thai people believe strongly in avoiding confrontation, which is one of the reasons travel in Thailand is such a pleasure. To the Thais, foreigners over-worry, affect trouble where there is none, and are constantly f retting over the future. When Thai people think about their future, they are optimistic. If they are not so happy now, they believe they are sure to be in their next lifeConcept of time in ThailandThe Mai Pen Rai philosophy is well demonstrated by the Thai concept of time. Estimates of time, in terms of the past or the future, washstand be vague or even wildly inaccurate in Thailand. Thais are often late for ap channelizements, but nobody seems to mind waiting. Traffic jams are common, restaurant service, and hotel check-in procedures can seem slow and inefficient, but you wont see Thai people getting upset about it. In fact, most Thai people find it pathetic to see a person childishly expressing their irritation. such behaviour will set you apart as someone less than properly evolved. The best thing to do is to relax and let things proceed at their natural pace. Trying to pin Thai people down about times will generally get you nowhere. If you must ask when will we be ready to lea ve? or when will this job be done? go ahead. But be prepared for an answer that proves wrong, not because of bad planning, but simply a different attitude towards time.Thai business customsIn business circles some Thai people will have a reasonable command of English. However, most Thais do not feel comfortable speaking English. Address a Thai man or woman by their first name, not their surname, using the prefix Khun instead of Mr or Mrs. It is not considered informal or familiar to call Thais by their first name. Although Thai people appreciate punctuality when conducting business, there is a differentconceptHYPERLINK http//www.google.com/universal resource locator?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/culture.htmltimesa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGM8gGK4onIOzD8qdDEh5sO7ma2LQ HYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/culture.htmltimesa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGM8gGK4onIOzD8qdDEh5sO7ma2LQofHYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailan d/culture.htmltimesa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGM8gGK4onIOzD8qdDEh5sO7ma2LQ HYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/culture.htmltimesa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGM8gGK4onIOzD8qdDEh5sO7ma2LQtimeHYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/culture.htmltimesa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGM8gGK4onIOzD8qdDEh5sO7ma2LQ HYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/culture.htmltimesa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGM8gGK4onIOzD8qdDEh5sO7ma2LQinHYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/culture.htmltimesa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGM8gGK4onIOzD8qdDEh5sO7ma2LQ HYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/culture.htmltimesa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGM8gGK4onIOzD8qdDEh5sO7ma2LQThailand. Deadlines are often over assist and it is necessary to allow for this when scheduling meetings. Dont contradict or criticise people in public. An essential tool for success in Thailand is patience. A person who lets inconveniences impart and forgives easily is respected.Dos and donts in ThailandLoud voices, calling attention to yourself, pointing at people or things, throwing or dropping things, and making big hand gestures all seem graceless to the Thai sensibility. Preferred modes of comportment are those that reflect the quiet, subtle and indirect as opposed to the loud, obvious and direct. Although the southernHYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Koh%20Phangan/people.htmlsa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNFO_U149i3qhoxZw4kCnw5vfMHhwQ HYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Koh%20Phangan/people.htmlsa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNFO_U149i3qhoxZw4kCnw5vfMHhwQThais can at times be alarmingly direct in their interactions with others.The monarchy remains highly respected throughout Thailand and visitors to the country must be respectful also. vacate disparaging remarks or jokes about the royal family they will not be appreciated. All Thai people love their ki ng, HYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/monarchy.htmlsa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGHxdr0A9teNyRnx41X2lBm06yLSwHMHYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/monarchy.htmlsa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGHxdr0A9teNyRnx41X2lBm06yLSw HYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/monarchy.htmlsa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGHxdr0A9teNyRnx41X2lBm06yLSwKingHYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/monarchy.htmlsa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGHxdr0A9teNyRnx41X2lBm06yLSw HYPERLINK http//www.google.com/url?q=http//www.horizonmuaythai.com/Thailand/monarchy.htmlsa=Dsntz=1usg=AFQjCNGHxdr0A9teNyRnx41X2lBm06yLSwBhumibol if you want to know why, ask them politely.Public displays of sexual affection are not acceptable in Thailand, although this may be changing with the younger generation in some areas. Thai people are extremely offended by public nudity, along with just about everyone else in the world. Thai people are modest in this respect and it should not be the visitors intention to reform them. A polite man in Thailand will not touch a woman.The feet in Thailand are considered spiritually as well as physically the lowest part of the body. Dont step over peoples legs, even in a crowded place such as on a train wait politely for them to move out of the way. Do not point things out or pick things up with your feet. And do not wave your feet around peoples heads If you accidentally touch someone with your foot, apologise. Food in Thailand is often eaten on the floor. Stepping over food is really a bad thing in Thailand. Shoes are not worn inside peoples houses, or in some guest houses and shops. If you are not sure watch other people. A pile of shoes at the entrance is your clue to remove yours (socks are OK). To Thai people wearing shoes indoors is disgusting.Show respect for religious symbols and rituals, and avoid touching spirit houses and household alters. Thai people, particula rly those in rural areas, can be highly superstitious and may feel the need for lengthy ritual should you contaminate their sacred areas.Do not stare at Thai people. They may be smiling, but still do not look into their eyes too long. Particularly in rural areas young and old may react violently to such a gesture, which is considered a rude insult. During normal conversation most Thai people do not look directly at one another, and will avoid anything but the briefest eye-to-eye contact. Phu Nawy (little people) often keep their head bowed when conversing with Phu Yai(big people) as a sign of respect. As a foreigner it can be hard to know if you have a persons attention. And it is difficult to hear what people are saying if they speak with their back to you. wash drawing and bathingModest dress and a clean, neat appearance will create a very good impression in Thailand. Keep up with your laundry and you will receive better treatment everywhere.Most Thai people bathe in cold water. T his is not a problem, as it is almost always hot enough for you to feel the need to cool down. Most Thais shower and put on fresh clothes at least twice a day. You will be more comfortable and sleep more soundly in the hot and humid climate if you do likewise. Many washrooms in Thailand do not have showerheads fitted to the wall. There is a cement trough or other kind of water reservoir provided for use. A plastic or metal bowl is used to sluice water over the body. This water is meant for cleaning and should remain clean for other peoples use. Do not contaminate this water. And do not climb into the reservoir in order to bathe In rural areas many Thai people still use rivers and streams, or will bathe from an outdoor reservoir at home. When bathing in view of others men wear underpants. Women should wear a Pha Sing (cotton wraparound). Nude bathing in public view is not acceptable.In Thailand the squat toilet is the norm except in hotels and guesthouses geared towards foreigners. If you have never used one in the beginning it may take a bit of getting used to. Contrary to what some people seem to think, these are flushing toilets. They are flushed in the same way as western toilets, i.e. by dropping water through the hole. The difference from Western-style toilets being, you must scoop water with a bowl from a nearby reservoir and drop water through yourself, rather than release water from a tank using a lever. You can chuck water all over the place in a Thai toilet, so when you are finished it is a good idea to rinse the floor of any gumption or mud you may have brought in on your feet. Thai people do not normally use toilet paper, prefering to rinse themselves exhaustively with soap and water. If you absolutely must use paper dont drop it down the toilet. Place it in the bin provided. If there is no bin provided, find another facility. Plumbing in Thailand simply isnt designed to handle paper, and in most places you will cause a great deal of inconvenien ce if you drop anything other than your natural waste through the toilet.

Maslow Essays -- essays research papers

Maslows Hierarchy of unavoidably & Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorIntroductionLike in sports, in business the performance of team is not just based on the individual talents. It is also, and maybe even more, based on the global efficiency of the team. To be efficient, a team leader of necessity to ensure that entirely the team players are pulling at the same rope, towards the same direction. That first step ensures that all the energy that is spent, is used in estimate of the objective and not against it. A second step is to set the team organization, in a way that each team genus Phallus is in the condition to deliver its maximum performance. To make this possible, a team leader has to understand the individuals and interpersonal dynamics of the team. Personality tests and concepts such(prenominal) as the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are two of the most used tools used by leaders to understand and manage these dynamics. Criteria to use when select ing a team memberAn individuals resume will tell what one can do, but it will not tell how well one will be able to do it, in a given team and situation. Team leaders have to select team members for skills but also for their potential to represent and perform well in the team. As Kris Frieswick says companies are increasingly taking steps to ensure that the hires they make are a good decease, not only with the job description but also with the people whom they will be working (Frieswick, 2004). While making sure that one will fit well in a work environment, it is also important to ensure that one will be motivated to perform well. Since management is all approximately getting things done through others, knowing what motivates and how to motivate others can improve the effectiveness of the managers. (Buhler, 2003). The selection process used in the wileThe members selected in the simulation are Daniel Nichols, Lisa Stafford, Nicola Minelli and John Connor. They all are good perfo rmers at work, which demonstrate that put in the right situation they can achieve and exceed their objectives. They all have different levels of aptitudes in areas such as manage conflicts, communicate with others, meet a deadline, analyze and report on a situation or take the appropriate actions to solve a problem. All these aptitudes were required at different levels to complete the... ...while Perceivers will keep their mind opened for new parole and analysis. The Maslows Hierarchy of NeedsAs George Hayhoe says, Abraham Maslows theory of the hierarchy of demand holds that much of human behavior is motivated by unsatisfied require and the lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can be addressed. (Hayhoe, 2004). Maslow defines the human needs in five categories, often represented as a pyramid. From the bottom, one can find the physiological need such as food and water. The second level is the need for safety, which includes physical and emotional needs for safety. The third level is the social need, the need to belong to a group such as family or friends. The fourth level is the need for esteem such as being appreciated and being confident. The fifth and last level is the need for self-actualization. In this highest category, the objective is to achieve a level of competency in a certain activity or mastery of a skill (Jones, 2004). It is not for individuals to feel being better than others are, is to have peace and satisfaction in who they are and what they are capable of doing (Jones, 2004).